Plant structure and growth I. Angiosperm plant body

A. Root system A. Functions B. Root systems 1. fibrous root systems 2. tap root systems C. Food storage Water and minerals Anchor dicots versus monocots Root hairs

Examples pneumatophores prop roots Mangrove swamps

1.Nodes and internodes 2. Apical (terminal) bud 3. Axillary buds B. Shoot system Apical dominance Bud scales Axillary bud

Modified stems

C. Leaves 1. Function 2. Anatomy of a leaf 1. blades and petioles 2. leaf types

B. Anatomy of a leaf 3. vein patterns 4. other features of leaves

C. Leaves of grass Evolutionary pressures: herbivory mowing Intercalary meristems fire

Modified leaves bracts

Modified leaves

II. 2 categories of tissues A. Meristematic tissues 1. Apical meristem (1 0 growth) 2. Lateral meristems (2 0 growth) a. vascular cambium b. cork cambium 3. Intercalary meristems

Meristems

B. Non-meristematic tissues 1. Simple tissues a. parenchyma b. collenchyma c. sclerenchyma fibers sclerids 1 0 cell walls 1 0 and 2 0 cell walls parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma /lignin

2. Complex tissues a. xylem b. phloem c. periderm B. Non-meristematic tissues Outer bark 2 0 xylem = wood 2 0 phloem = inner bark Vascular cambium

Vessels and Tracheids

Phloem: stms

III. Tissue arrangements dermal ground (cortex and pith) vascular (xylem and phloem) epidermis cuticle Herbaceous dicot Vascular bundle A. dermal, ground, vascular

B. 3 stem types Vegetative growth 1. Herbaceous dicot 2. Monocot 3. Woody

How a plant grows shoot root Apical meristem

IV. Inside Plants A. Inside roots 1.Structures 2.Primary growth 3.Water absorption epidermis cortex Dicot endodermis pericycle

A. Inside roots Endodermis

Pericycle

2. Primary root growth a.Importance of primary growth b.Root cap c.Root hairs and branches rhizosphere mucigel

3. Water and mineral absorption Plasmodesmata Transpiration Obstacles to transpiration

B. Inside stems 1. Structures 2. Primary growth 3. Monocot stems

2. Primary growth

Monocot stems

C. Inside leaves 1. Cellular organization a. epidermis b. mesophyll: two parts palisade cells spongy cells c. veins: phloem and xylem 2. Stomata 3. Conifer leaves 4. Sun leaves and shade leaves

2. Stomata

Stomata opening and closing

3. Conifer leaves Western white pine Western redcedar Douglas fir epidermis sunken stomata thick mesophyll endodermis hypodermis waxy

4. Sun leaves and shade leaves Shade leavesExplanation Cuticle Sun leaves [Chlorophyll] Aspect (horizontal/ vertical) Sunken stomata thin low (light) high (dark) verticalhorizontal yesno Hairyyesno thick

V. Secondary growth A.Lateral meristems 1.Vascular cambium 2.Cork cambium

B. Formation of secondary growth

C. Other features of wood 1. sapwood and heartwood 2. vascular rays 3. growth rings

D. Conifer and dicot wood Vessels and tracheids Conifer wood Dicot wood

VI. Origin of tissues

The end