A Brief History of Ancient Rome and Greece

Archaic Greece and Legendary Rome ( BCE) Greece –Homer –c. 800 Rise of aristocracies –776 Olympic Games established –c. 750 Greek colonization of Southern Italy and Sicily –c. 700 Hesiod –621 Draco’s laws –c. 600 Sappho –c. 600 Thales (philosopher) – Solon – Rule by Tyrants –533 Thespis wins first tragedy competition –508 Cleisthenes reforms Greece Rome – Hellenes and Etruscans in Italy –753 Romulus founds Rome – Ancus Marcius extends Rome’s power to the coast –509 Romans overthrow Tarquinius Superbus; treaty with Carthage (Northern Africa)

Etruscan League of 12 in the 8 th century BCE The Greek Area of Influence in the 8 th century BCE

5 th century Greece and Rome Greece –499 B.C.: Aristogoras' Ionian rebellion against Persians –498 B.C.: Athens at war with Aegina –497 B.C.: Athenians attack Sardis –495 B.C. Persians capture Miletus –494 B.C.: Spartans under Cleomenes defeat Argives –490 B.C.: Battle of Marathon. –489 B.C.: Expedition of Miltiades to Paros. Death of Cleomenes –487 B.C.: Ostracism of Hipparchus. Archins appointed by lot –486 B.C.: Ostracism of Megacles. Pindar's 7th Pythian –485 B.C.: Death of Darius –484 B.C.: Ostracism of Xanthippus –483-2 B.C.: Ostracism of Aristides –480 B.C.: Athens recalls ostracized citizens Rome –494 B.C.: First secessio plebis –493 B.C.: Treaty between Spurius Cassius and the Latins –486 B.C.: lex agraria of Spurius Cassius – B.C.: War with Veii

4 th century BCE Greece and Rome Greece –399 B.C.: Socrates executed –c. 395 B.C.: (Apology) Defense of Socrates by Plato – B.C.: The Corinthian War – B.C.: Agesipolis I Spartan king –394 B.C.: Battle of Corinth. Battle of Cnidus. Solar Eclipse. Battle of Coronea –c. 393 B.C.: Defense of Socrates by Xenophon –392 B.C.: The Ecclesiazusae by Aristophanes. Dionysius defeats Carthaginians led by Mago –c. 390 B.C.: Memoirs of Socrates by Xenophon. Charmides, Protagoras, Laches, Euthydemus, by Plato Rome –397 B.C.: Himilco to Sicily –396 B.C.: Roman soldiers paid by the state –392 B.C.: Romans begin conquest of Italy

Focus on Hellenic Period in Greece : The Persian Wars –490 BC: The Battle of Marathon –480 BC: The Battle of Salamis BC: Hellenic Culture – BC: The Parthenon is built. –c BC: Aeschylus –c BC: Aristophanes –c. 460-c. 400 BC: Thucydides –The Sophists : The Peloponnesian War –431 BC: Peloponnesian war begins; Athens and the Delian League vs. Sparta and the Pelopennesian League. – BC: Athenian Expedition to Syracuse –404 BC: Athens surrenders to Sparta BC: After the Peloponnesian War – BC: Thirty Tyrants rule Athens. – : Spartan War against Persia –371: Spartan hegemony ends and Thebes defeats Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra –362: Theban hegemony ends with its defeat at the Battle of Mantinea

The Rise of Macedonia BCE B.C.: Reign of Philip II –338: Battle of Chaeronea; Philip conquers Greece. –338: League of Corinth is founded : Reign of Alexander III, the Great. –334: Alexander invades Asia. –333: Battle of Issus. –331: Battle of Gaugamela. –330: Fall of Persepolis, the Persian capitol. –327: Alexander reaches the Indus Valley. –323: Alexander dies.

A Focus on Rome – Stage 1 The Roman Republic: B.C. –753 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Rome. Agricultural settlements on the Palatine hill. – BC: Etruscan kings rule Rome. –c BC: Conquest of the Italian peninsula. Beginnings of the system of roads. –c. 390 BC: Rome is sacked by Gauls and rebuilt. – BC: First Punic War – BC: Second Punic War –146 BC: Third Punic War and the conquest of Greece. – BC: Civil War and the End of the Republic.

Focus on Rome – Stage 2 The Roman Principate: 27 BC- AD 312 –27 BC-AD 14: Augustus Pax Romana, deified ruler, Father of the Country –14-68: Julio-Claudian Emperors Tiberius (14-37) Caligula (37-41) Claudius (41-54) Nero (54-68) –69-96: Flavian or Vespasian Emperors Vespasian (69-79) Titus (79-81) Domitian (81-96) – declares himself domus et deus “master and god” –96-180: Five Good Emperors Nerva (96-98) Trajan (98-117) Hadrian ( ) Antoninus Pius ( ) Marcus Aurelius ( ) – : Crisis of the Third Century Many rulers, but Pax Romana begins to fall apart and Persians and Goths invade – : Reforms of the Late Empire split the Empire into four sections: Italy, Asia Minor, Germany and Pannonia Divide the rule into 2 tier system – between augusti and caesars With Constantine the Great ( ) Rome becomes the Holy Roman Empire when he becomes a Christian in 312

Focus on Rome – Stage 3 The Later Roman Empire: – : Formation of a Christian Empire – : Decline of the Roman Empire in the West –410: Rome is sacked by the Visigoths. The remainder of the Roman Empire is now referred to as the Byzantine Empire