Foundations of individual behavior Chapter 2 Foundations of individual behavior

Ob model Dependent variables: productivity, satisfaction, absence, turnover, citizenship, and satisfaction Independent variables: individual-level variables, group-level variables, organization systems levels variables

Individual-level variables: Biographical characteristics; Ability; Leaning; Personality characteristics; Emotions; Values & attitudes; Motivations; Perceptions

Biographical Characteristics Age Gender Tenure

Biographical Characteristics Age Aged population Aged workforce Aged employees Work behavior Age-turnover relationship Age-absenteeism relationship Age-productivity relationship Age-job satisfaction relationship

Biographical Characteristics Gender Gender-productivity relationship Male-female differences Physical difference Mental difference Gender-turnover relationship Gender-absenteeism relationship Work schedule preference

Biographical Characteristics Tenure The term of office or service Seniority-productivity Seniority-absenteeism Seniority-turnover

Individual-level variables: Biographical characteristics; Ability; Leaning; Personality characteristics; Emotions; Values & attitudes; Motivations; Perceptions

Ability Are we created equal? Knowing how people differ in abilities Knowing people’s strength & weakness

Ability “an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job” Intellectual abilities Physical abilities

Intellectual Ability Thinking, reasoning, and problem solving Information procession Basic dimensions of intellectual abilities Aptitude Verbal comprehension Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Spatial visualization Memory

Intellectual ability Cognitive intelligence Social intelligence Ability to comprehend complex things Social intelligence Ability to relate to others Emotional intelligence Ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions Cultural intelligence Ability to function in cross-cultural situations

How to define successful performance?

Performance = Ability X Motivation

Ability-Job fit

Individual-level variables: Biographical characteristics; Ability; Leaning; Personality characteristics; Emotions; Values & attitudes; Motivations; Perceptions

Learning Learning involves changes Change must be relatively permanent Learning takes place when there is a change in actions

Learning theories Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Stimuli vs. response Passive response Operant conditioning Behavior = f (learned consequences) Voluntary participation Social learning Observational learning Perception & attitude in learning

Shaping Behavior Communication Change in behavior Reinforecment Learned consequences Change in behavior Reinforecment Positive reinforcemen Following a response with something pleasant Punishment Following a response with something unpleasant

Organizational applications Well pay vs. sick pay Employee discipline Developing training programs