Ocean Observing: Meeting Diverse Community and Research Needs Ocean Observing Activities of the Marine Geochemistry and Geology Division

MGGD Faculty Participants and Locus of Research James Cowen Eric De Carlo Brian Glazer Fred Mackenzie Kathleen Ruttenberg Frank Sansone CRIMP-CO 2 Heeia Pond Observatory HiOOS Nearshore Buoys and Sensors Juan de Fuca Kilo Nalu Observatory

CRIMP-CO 2 : a Coastal Biogeochemical Observatory Eric H. De Carlo, Fred T. Mackenzie, Margaret A. McManus: UH Oceanography Richard Feely, Chris Sabine, Katie Fagan: NOAA/PMEL Patrick Drupp, Didier Dumas, Chris Ostrander (07), Rachel Solomon (08), Chip Young: Oceanography GA’s MungFa Chun, Laura de Gelleke, Hong Ha: GES Students Fancois Paquay, Daniel Hoover, Stephanie Ringuet: Technical Staff

CRIMP CO 2 CO 2, O 2 sensors, CTD measuremnts at 3 hours frequency Multiparameter sondes (Cond., T, pH, DO, Chl-a, Turbidity) at 10 minute frequency ADV, ADCP, thermistor chains (McManus/Ostrander) Climate from NWS, CI Iridium telemetry of buoy data to NOAA/PMEL (once a day) ßSynoptic water column profiles (chl-a, cond/sal, DO, pH, turbidity) ßWater samples for lab analyses (nutrients, chl-a, pigments)

CRIMP-CO 2 : Objectives To understand how land derived inputs impact coastal water quality (12+ year record of local funding associated with this objective) To understand how land-derived nutrients and storm plumes fuel coastal water column productivity To determine how productivity, calcification, and physical forcing control air-sea exchange of CO 2 in Kaneohe Bay. To determine how seasonal changes in runoff affect annual CO 2 and O 2 gas exchange fluxes and the associated potential acidification of bay waters Now shifting emphasis toward “ocean acidification” issues by examining calcification and dissolution of carbonates across the barrier reef of Kaneohe Bay (collaboration with M. Atkinson)

CRIMP-CO 2 1 st buoy of NOAA/PMEL coastal CO2 monitoring program deployed Nov 2005 (four buoys exist now) System to be moved to barrier reef of Kaneohe Bay (5/08) for calcification/dissolution studies Part of three buoy network in Hawaii (two currently being built as part of HIPOOIS network for deployment on S. Shore of Oahu) Can be a platform for testing of new sensor technology Can be a platform for experiments by collaborating scientists… Use of platforms for undergraduate research and training Training of operational oceanographers N.S.Buoy Stations

CRIMP-CO 2 : Accomplishments First high temporal resolution time-series (2005-now) study for a tropical coastal embayment. >24 months of CRIMP-CO 2 data and synoptic water column data in the bay Results: (2006) -1.26, (2007) Mole C m -2 yr -1 flux is consistent with prior work stating that Kaneohe Bay is a source of CO 2 to the atmosphere on an annual timescale (-1.45 Mole C m -2 yr -1, Fagan and Mackenzie, 2007) Kaneohe Bay is a temporary sink of CO 2 during storms but remains a source to the atmosphere over annual scales ßLocal but globally relevant data on direction and flux of greenhouse gases and ocean acidification ßTraining of technical workforce in ocean technology and outreach… Season 1Season 2 SINK SOURCE *No sink behavior during storm period 3, although decreased in source strength *Temporary CO 2 sink during several storm periods

Kilo Nalu Nearshore Reef Observatory Geno Pawlak, Ocean and Resources Engineering Eric De Carlo, (Andrew Hebert), Margaret McManus, Mark Merrifield, Frank Sansone, Kevin Stierhoff, Judith Wells: Oceanography Roy Wilkens: HIGP Timothy Stanton: Naval Postgraduate School, Dept. of Oceanography Kristen Fogaren, Jeff Sevadjian, Melinda Swanson: Oceanography GA’s Brian McLaughlin, Kimball Millikan Dave Harris: SOEST ESF Brian Chee: Advance Network Computing Lab.

A window into the Hawaiian coastal ocean environment… 1 st generation, Aug nd generation, Nov Ocean Prediction System: Real-time observations, validation  waves/currents/water chemistry  passive ocean acoustics Current Research: Nearshore physics, Internal tides, Benthic biogeochemistry, Air-sea CO 2 exchange, Nutrient dynamics Technological/Economic Development: Ocean technology test bed Training workforce development Education, Outreach Graduate, undergraduate education via Ocean Engineering / Oceanography / SOEST, and public outreach in collaboration with Bishop Museum Funding: NSF CoOP, NSF OCE, ONR, UH Sea Grant

HIOOS Buoys and Nearshore Sensors Eric De Carlo, Margaret McManus, Grieg Steward: UH Oceanography (and many others in HIOOS/HIPOOIS group) Ross Timmerman (GES 07) Mike Tomlinson (MS 04) Collaboration with Hi-DOH (W. Okubo), C&CH (R. Tanimoto) Continued collaboration with NOAA/PMEL on CO 2 system observations System implementation: Spring 08 T, Cond, OpticalBuoy Stations

K. Ruttenberg, B. Glazer, M. McManus: UH Oceanography B. Briggs, C. Young: UH GA’s D. Sulak, D. Hull: GES Linda Rui, Lili Zhao: High School Students The Pond: - Southern bank of He’eia Stream on K-bay - Paepae O He’eia & Kamehameha Schools - Aquaculture / land-ocean interface processes / anthropogenic impacts Bottom Sediment Impacts on Nutrient Cycling in He’eia Fishpond

Microbial Observatory: Microbial Ecology of Deep Basement Aquifer Jim Cowen, Brian Glazer and colleagues Biogeochemistry & geomicrobiology at MORs, ridge flanks, hot spots, and subduction zones Depends on/requires strong ESF support Technologically and logistically challenging,

Future connection to Regional Cabled Observatory Cascadia Basin CORK Boreholes Power T o / large vol. pumping Complex exp. setups Communication Event response Sampling rate control

Borehole Downhole Sampling and Incubation MO PIs Cowen Taylor

In situ Redox Chemistry, Cabled and Networked (NSF-OTIC, ) Brian Glazer (UH-Oceanography) Kim Binsted (UH-Information & Computer Science and building science collaborations with Kilo Nalu group OBJECTIVES: To modify and improve existing state of-the-art in situ electrochemical analyzer instrumentation for extended deployments within a proven cabled observatory network; To produce a software package capable of automated near real-time data reduction during continuous in situ voltammetric data acquisition; To further quantify durability and longevity of solid-state mercury-gold amalgam sensors under varying in situ redox conditions.

in situ Redox Chemistry 100  m Au wire sealed in PEEK or glass using marine epoxy, plated with Hg Polished epoxy surface Au wire – 100  m diameter O 2, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, H 2 S, H 2 O 2, I -, S x 2-, S 2 O 3 2-, FeS aq, Fe(III) are all measurable in one scan (if present)

Current Status & Future Direction Technique is tried, true, & proven in water column, sediments, hydrothermal, and lab settings Moving toward improving sensor integrity with lengthened deployments (currently weeks-months) Currently addressing data reduction problem (there is no commercial software for auto-analysis of large datasets) Kilo Nalu testing scheduled for February 2008 Moving toward eddy correlation for real-time flux measurements

Needs: Now and the Future Strong engineering and technical support staff Improved small boat operations/pool Marine facilities with readily accessible shop/storage/staging areas Long term maintenance support for Ocean Observing infrastructure Dedicated State-supported technical staff Fostering of industry partnership for sensor development Funding support from “community” stakeholders and increased participation by local and State “agencies”

Time-series of seawater saturation states with respect to calcite, aragonite, and 15 and 20 mol% Mg-calcite using ion activity products from Bichoff et al., 1987 & 1993 (B), and from Plummer & Mackenzie, 1974, (PM) at the CRIMP-CO 2 buoy (Solomon, 2007) Ocean Acidification

Voltammetry 101 Glazer et al O 2, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, H 2 S, H 2 O 2, I -, S x 2-, S 2 O 3 2-, FeS aq, Fe(III) are all measurable in one scan, if present