1. Ocean-Ice Interaction Measurements Using Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoys in the Arctic Observing System Toward Developing an Arctic Observing Network: An Array of Surface Buoys to Sample Turbulent Ocean Heat and Salt Fluxes During the IPY Tim Stanton and Bill Shaw Naval Postgraduate School

2. NPS Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoy Sensors: Low-power, co-located, high- frequency velocity, temperature, and conductivity - eddy-correlation estimates of heat, salt and momentum flux Downward looking 600 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler – upper ocean current structure GPS position Communications: Two-way, twice-per-day Iridium communications - adaptive sampling

3. NPS Autonomous Ocean Flux Buoy Objectives: Monitor upper ocean heat content and ocean-to-ice fluxes Quantify entrainment rates of heat that result from variability in stratification and heat content of the Arctic halocline Test and improve parameterizations of ocean-to- ice fluxes for use in Pan-Arctic- scale modeling efforts.

4. Status and Progress 2002-2005 (technology development grant): one flux buoy per year deployed at the NPEO ice camp. 2006 (AON Grant #1): one buoy deployed at NPEO, one in Beaufort Sea. 2007 (1st yr AON Grant #2): one buoy deployed at NPEO, two in Beaufort Sea, one in upstream Transpolar Drift. The field deployment of the buoy has been simplified. During 2007, buoys were deployed by two teams headed by R. Krishfield (WHOI) and B. Rabe (AWI)

5. Data are displayed and made available in near real-time at: http://www.oc.nps.edu/~stanton/fluxbuoy

7. Coordination and Integration Plans Continue to deploy an array of autonomous, ice-based observatories making measurements in the atmosphere, ice, and ocean. NPS flux buoys are co-located with: Ice Mass Balance Buoys D. Perovich and co-workers (CRREL) Ice-Tethered Profilers J. Toole and co-workers (WHOI) Meteorological Stations J. Overland and co-workers (PMEL, NPEO deployments) Other collaborators: R. Krishfield, M. McPhee, J. Morison, U. Schaurer

8. Example Summer-averaged fluxes derived from NPS flux buoys, PMEL radiation measurements and AMSR-E ice concentration estimates

9. Future Directions and Planning for 2008 Four flux buoys will be deployed in 2008 as (as components of ice- based observatories): NPEO (1) Beaufort (2-3) Laptev / ’Upstream Drift’ (0-1) Added a thermistor string to the 2008 buoys to observe upper ocean thermal structure during summer. Would lIke to get drifts over the Chukchi Borderlands to observe heat fluxes supported by advection of heat in Pacific-origin waters.