Aquatic Plants and the Environment First mid-term review Oct 6, 2005

Hydrologic Cycles Water transformations and movements through the environment

Types of wetlands Tidal FW marsh Mangrove Salt marshes Freshwater marsh Riparian wetland Peatland Swamps Characteristics of a wetland are determined by the hydrologic cycle and its impacts on the plants, soils, and timing of water coverage Seagrasses

Hydrologic cycle impacts: Vegetation - hydrophytes Obligate Hydrophytes are dependent on saturated soils Facultative hydrophytes can survive saturated soils Soils - hydric Hydric soils are those with saturated pore spaces and develop anaerobic conditions Standing or flowing water Water covering surface of soil for significant portions of the year. Typically enough to support hydrophytic plants and hydric soils.

Hydrophytes Plants which are adapted to saturated (hydric) soils and standing or flowing water. A morphological and physiological description. Not taxonomic, as many different families of plants have hydrophytic examples.

Hydric Soils Hydric Soils will often have a hydrogen sulfide odor (rotten egg smell). The are usually a black or grey color. Plant roots will often have reddish stain along the root channel caused by iron oxide formations.

Water saturating and covering the surface Possible to have wetlands, even in areas with little precipitation if soils remain saturated. If water is present for enough time for soils to be saturated and develop anaerobic conditions, hydrophytes will begin to grow.

Wetland delineation Delineation – to determine the exact geographic boundaries of the wetland. Use field sampling, GPS and GIS to map the wetlands May require repeated mapping during the year to determine proper boundaries

Hydrological models Simple version are flow chart models or box diagrams Wildcat Lake Precipitation (10 mm/week or 400 liters/week) Stream-flow in (20 liter/hour) Groundwater flow in (40 liters/day) Evaporation (1.5 mm/day) Stream-flow out (30 liter/hour) Groundwater flow out (20 liters/day)

Hydrological models Complex version will include many more factors Wildcat Lake Precipitation (snow, rain, fog) Stream A in Groundwater deep aquifer in Evapotranspiration Stream-flow out Groundwater flow out Surface flow Stream B in City water supply out Shallow aquifer in Irrigation water out Sewage in

Tools to measure water flows Precipitation – rain gauge Flowing water – flow meters - weir - floating object and cross section Groundwater – markers (dyes, isotopes, and pollution) Evapotranspiration- hook gauge Surface runoff or sheet flow – very difficult (catchments, models)

Review Extent of a wetland is determined by hydrophytes, hydric soils, and water saturating or covering substrate. These factors are affected by the hydrology Hydrologic models are constructed to study movement of water and other compounds in aquatic ecosystems. There are a variety of equipment and techniques available to measure flow rates.