* Religions come from elements of the physical environment. Religions modify the landscape. Things to know about religions: 1)People care deeply about their religion 2)Some religions are designed to appeal to all people 3)Religious values are important to understand people 4)Most religions require exclusive adherence 5)People take their religion with them when they move

Where are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions: attempt to appeal to all people all over the world. Ethnic Religion: appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place.

Where are Religions Distributed? Universalizing religions –Christianity –Islam –Buddhism Each is divided into a branch, a denomination, and a sect.

Where are Religions Distributed? Branch –A large and fundamental division of a religion Denomination –A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body Sect –a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Where are Religions Distributed? Christianity –2 billion adherents, more than any other religion Branches of Christianity –Roman Catholic –Protestant –Eastern Orthodox

Where are Religions Distributed? Christianity in the Western Hemisphere –North America 90 percent of people are Christian –93% of Latin America is Catholic –29% of North America is Catholic –Baptists are the largest protestant group in the U.S. –Other protestant groups are Methodist, Pentecostal, and Lutheran

Where are Religions Distributed? Smaller branches of Christianity –Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian Church –The Armenian Church –Maronites –Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Where are Religions Distributed? Islam –Religion of 1.3 billion people on Earth –Islam has five pillars of faith Branches of Islam –Sunni – 83% of Muslims –Shiite Islam in North America and Europe –5% of Europe’s population –5 million Muslims in the U.S. and Canada

Where are Religions Distributed? Buddhism –400 million adherents around the world –Has the Four Noble Truths Branches of Buddhism –Mahayana –Theravada –Tantrayana Buddhists are hard to classify because Buddhism is not an exclusive religion.

Where are Religions Distributed? Other Universalizing Religions –Sikhism –Baha’i

Where are Religions Distributed? Ethnic Religions –Hinduism Third largest Religion on Earth India No central authority or holy book Vishnu, Krishna, Siva, Shakti

Where are Religions Distributed? Other Ethnic Religions –Confucianism Teachings of Confucius Rooted in the traditional values of China –Daoism (Taoism) Dao cannot be comprehended –Shintoism Ethnic religion of Japan –Judaism Believe in one all-powerful god –Ethnic African Religions Animists

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of Religions –Christianity Teachings of Jesus Four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John Jesus died on the cross –Catholicism Headed by the Pope –Eastern Orthodoxy Split from Roman Catholics in 1054 –Protestantism The reformation headed by Martin Luther

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of Islam –Based on the same story as Judaism and Protestantism. Muslims believe in Abraham’s second wife and son One of Isaac’s descendents was Muhammed. Muhammed was a prophet of god –Islam split Shiites and Sunnis disagree over the line of succession in Islamic leadership Uthman was Caliph. After his assassination, Ali became Caliph. Shiites support Ali.

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of Buddhism –Founded by Siddhartha Gautama (563 BC) –Siddhartha had been a rich kid. –Siddhartha became the “Buddha” and spent the next 45 years preaching –Mahayana vs. Theravada

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of other Universalizing Religions –Sikhism Founded by Guru Nanak about 500 years ago The Holy Granth of Enlightenment –Baha’i Established in Iran in the 19 th century Execution in 1850 Baha’u’llah the prophet of Baha’i

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Origin of Hinduism, an ethnic religion –No founder –Existed prior to recorded history –Earliest documents were written about 1500 B.C.

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of Religions Diffusion of Christianity –Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries –Contagious Diffusion: Holy Roman Empire –Hierarchical Diffusion: Emperor Constantine –Expansion Diffusion: Europeans moving

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of Islam –Expansion Diffusion: Conquering armies –Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries –Contagious Diffusion: Traders to Indonesia

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of Buddhism –Hierarchical Diffusion: Asoka –Relocation Diffusion: Missionaries –Contagious Diffusion: Traders to China,then to Korea, then to Japan

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of other Universalizing religions –Baha’i Contagious Diffusion: a temple on every continent –Sikhism Relocation Diffusion: the division of Punjab

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Lack of Diffusion of Ethnic Religions Lack missionaries to carry the message –Mingling of Ethnic and Universalizing Religions Africa merging ethnic religions and Christianity Buddhism and Shinto in Japan Mauritius has three religions Hindu, Islam, and Christianity. All brought there by others.

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Diffusion of Judaism, an exception –Practiced in many places –Disporia or Dispersion by the Romans –Most Jews migrated to Europe –Ghettos –WWII

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Holy Places –Different meanings for universal and ethnic religions Pilgrimage: making a trip to a holy site

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Holy Places in Universalizing Religions –Buddhist Shrines Lumbini in Southern Nepal, Bodh Gaya, Deer Park in Sarnath, Kusinagara, Sravasti, Samkasya, Rajagrha, Vaisali –Holy places in Islam Mecca home to Al—Ka’ba, the Great Mosque Medina home to muhammand’s tomb –Holy places in Sikhism Darbar Sahib – the Golden Temple

Lumbini in Nepal Bodh Gaya Deer Park in Sarnath

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Holy Places in Ethnic Religions –Holy Places in Hinduism Riverbanks and Coastlines The Ganges

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Cosmogony in Ethnic Religions –Cosmogony is a set of religious beliefs about the origin of the universe. Confucianism – Yin and Yang Christianity and Islam – God created everything Christianity and Islam and man’s purpose Animists – God is mystical

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? The Calendar –The Calendar in Ethnic religions More clustered distribution Celebrations of the seasons Rituals Sacred moments

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? The Jewish Calendar –Based on agriculture –Rosh Hashanah –Yom Kippur –Sukkot –Pesach (passover) –Shavout –Lunar rather than solar calendar

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? The Solstice –Winter –Summer

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? The Calendar in Universalizing Religions –Islamic calendar Lunar calendar Ramadan –Baha’i calendar 19 months of 19 days A feast is held on the first day of each month

Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions? Christian holidays –Easter –Christmas Buddhist holidays –Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death Sikh holidays –Births and deaths of the ten gurus. –Day of installing the Holy Granth

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Places of Worship –Christian churches Source of gathering Often the largest, tallest building in a town Important part of the religion –Church Architecture Modeled after basilica No single style of church has dominated Building materials are often local

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Places of Worship in other Religions –Muslim Mosques A gathering place to worship, not sanctified Minaret –Hindu Temples House shrines for gods not for congregation –Buddhist and Shintoist Pagodas Contain something belonging to Buddha Not meant for congregation –Baha’i houses of worship One on each continent. Open to everyone

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Sacred Space –Disposing of the Dead Burial –Christian, Muslim, and Jewish tradition Other methods –Cremation –Parsis (Zoroastrians) –Disposal at sea (Micronesia)

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Religious Settlements –Utopia –Place Names

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Administration of Space –A Hierarchical Religion has a well defined geographic structure and organizes territory into local administrative units. –Roman Catholic Hierarchy Parishes make a Diocese. The diocese is watched by a Bishop. The Bishops report to an Archbishop. The archbishop heads a Province which is made of several diocese. The Archbishops report to the Pope who runs the show. –The latter-day saints Wards and Stakes which get redrawn

Why do Religions Organize Space in Distinctive Patterns? Locally Autonomous Religions –Autonomous religions are self-sufficient Local Autonomy in Islam –No Hierarchy in Islam –Lots of communication and migration Protestant Autonomy –Congregations determine leadership –Presbyterian churches have low hierarchy –Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Methodists have a hierarchy. –Judaism and Hinduism have no hierarchy

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion vs. Government Policies –Fundamentalism is a literal interpretation and a strict adherence to basic principles of a religion. –Fundamentalism allows a group to maintain a cultural identity. –Many religious groups oppose government policies that would affect social change

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion vs. Social Change –Taliban vs. Western Values Taliban in Afghanistan spread very strict laws as they saw them in the Koran Taliban banned all “Western” activities Taliban Destroyed Buddhist statues

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion vs. Social Change –Hinduism vs. Social Equality Believes in a caste system Caste system has been around since 1500 bc You cannot change your caste

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion vs. Communism –Eastern Orthodox Christianity and lslam vs. The soviet Union Russian Orthodox Church, Bolshevik revolution End of communist brought a resurgence of religion –Buddhism vs. Southeast Asian Countries Destruction of Shrines Self immolation in protest

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion Vs. Religion –Religious wars in Ireland Northern Ireland Protestants vs. Roman Catholics IRA Ulster Defense Force

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Religion Vs. Religion –Religious wars in the Middle East Christians, Muslims, and Jews all value the “Holy Land” Jerusalem –Crusades between Christians and Muslims Arab army invaded Europe as far as France Arabs controlled Spain until 1492 Crusades to take Jerusalem started in 1099

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Jews vs. Muslims in Palestine –Started in the 1930s –Continued in 1948 –Wars in 1956, 1967, and 1973 –Six day war in 1967 –Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin 1979

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Conflict over the holy land: Palestinian Perspectives –Five groups consider themselves Palestinian –Israeli settlements –PLO –Hamas –What the Palestinians want

Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups? Conflict over the holy land: Israeli Perspective –Jews surrounded by Muslims –Very small space –West Bank is the west bank of the Jordan River –Control of Jerusalem