1. Warm-Up # 36
1. Adherents of which religion are also likely to believe in other religions simultaneously?
A. Buddhism
B. Hinduism
C. Islam
D. Christianity
2. Christianity first diffused from its hearth through
A. hierarchical diffusion.
B. contagious diffusion.
C. relocation diffusion.
D. all of the above
3. The concept of a ghetto originally referred to the area of a city
A. where most blacks lived.
B. inside the walls.
C. where Jews where forced to live.
D. inhabited by the lowest-income people.

2. Why do Religions Have Different Distributions?
The Diffusion of Religions
The Diffusion of Universalizing Religions
Hearths – Asia - based on the lives of three individuals

3. Diffusion of Christianity
Relocation
Expansion
Hierarchical
Contagious
Israel/Canaan/Palestine – relocation diffusion
Missionaries - Paul’s Travels
Roman Empire – Trade and the Sea Routes - Economic through trade
Hierarchical Diffusion – Emperor Constantine A.D. 313
Migration and Missionary
Conversion of Indigenous people
Africa
Latin America
Immigration
United States

4. Diffusion of Islam Muhammad’s Successors Armies
Extensive area of Africa, Asia, and Europe
Within a century
Palestine
Persian Empire
Much of India
Spain until 1492 – Western Europe
Relocation diffusion from the hearth through missionaries

5. Diffusion of Buddhism Slow Diffusion
Asoka – Emperor of the Magadhan Empire 273 – 232 B.C.
Council at Pataliputra – missionaries to neighboring territories
Trade Routes
Chinese very receptive – monks in 4th Century A.D.
To Korea at same time – Japan two centuries later, and stopping in India at same time

6. Diffusion of Other Universalizing Religions
Bahá’i – Through temple construction on every continent
Punjab Region – Sikhs
British Control – 1849
India and Pakistan – 1947
Prefer to live in Hindu-dominated India
2.5 million have moved to East Punjab

7. Diffusion of Ethnic Religions
Limited, if any diffusion
At the expense of universalizing religions
May supplant ethnic religions
African countries tend to stay the same
Buddhist Vs.
Shinto
Daoism
Confucianism
Mauritius - Economic migration
Judaism – The exception to the rule
Diaspora – Greek for dispersion
Ghetto’s – WWII
Today – 10% vs. 90% a century ago

8. Holy Places Pilgrimages
Buddhism – Shrines – important events in the Buddha’s life
8 Places
Islam – Makkah/Mecca
The Kaaba – Saudi Arabia
Madinah – Muhammad’s tomb
Ethnic Religions – Hinduism –Tirtha
Mt. Kailās – Siva
The Ganges

9. The Calendar Ethnic – more clustered distribution
Seasonal/annual cycle – agriculture and sacred moments
The Jewish Calendar – lunar - ethnic religion in part because its major holidays are based on agricultural events in Israel.
Rosh Hashanah – New Year
Yom Kippur – Day of Atonement
Pesach – Passover
Shavuot – Feast of Weeks
Dates gained importance in time
The Solstice – Washington D.C.

10. The Calendar Universalizing religions – Founders life
Islamic – also lunar but strict
Changes over the years
Bahá’I –The Báb
First day of Spring – March 21st
Christian - Julian vs. Gregorian Calendar
Important days differ – religion to religion and hemisphere to hemisphere
Buddhists – Different in India and Japan