 Centralized Government  Constant warfare, forced Philip to borrow money and go bankrupt twice

 A ruler whose power was not limited by having to consult with the nobles, common people, or their representatives.

 A belief that the monarchs received their power from God and therefore must not be challenged

 A fleet of over 130 ship built by Philip II to invade England because of : England’s Aid to the Dutch + Wanted to spread Catholicism

 Spanish explorers claimed much of Americas for Spain  Acquired Silver and gold flowed from American colonies

 Charles V’s brother Ferdinand

 1598  Issued by Henry IV  Granted the Huguenots religious toleration and let them fortify their own towns and cities

 Sought to destroy the Huguenots and the Nobility two groups that did not bow to royal authority  Created reason of the state

 French Protestant

 To display wealth  Control the nobility

 August 24 th, 1572  Bloody event was the massacre of almost 70,000 Huguenots at the hand of Catherine de’Medici at her daughter’s wedding (a wedding of a Catholic and a Protestant)

 Louis XIV of France, one of the best examples of an absolute monarch

 Henry IV (Henry of Navarre)

 Major ritual  “rising”  Nobles were a threat to the power of the monarchy, turned them into courtiers fighting for privileges rather than battling for power

 Charles became king of Spain, he inherited the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, along with colonies in the Americas.  1519 Became head of the Holy Roman Empire, acquiring Italy, Austria, various German states  Attempted to make all of Europe Catholic

 Painter Brought Renaissance Italy’s ideas to Spain Portraits of Spanish nobles Dramatic views of the city of Toledo

 To rule absolutely and to be in charge of anything and everything pertaining to Louis XIV’s France.

 Author of the first modern novel, Don Quixote