TOOLKIT MEETS MERCATOR: A EUROPEAN RESEARCH AGENDA László Marácz University of Amsterdam

TOOLKIT EUROPEAN CONSORTIUM A Toolkit for Transnational Communication Website:

University of Amsterdam The Nederlands University of Utrecht The Nederlands University of Vienna Austria University of Tilburg The Nederlands Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey University of Basque Country in Donostia Basque Country University of Jyväskylä Finland University of Copenhagen Denmark Nwo Geesteswet en- schappen The Nederlands

Dr. L á szl ó Mar á cz Dr. Jan D. ten Thije Dr. Ad Backus Prof. Dr. Durk Gorter Prof. Dr. Jens Normann J ø rgensen Prof. Dr. Arja Piirainen-Marsh Prof. Dr. Jochen Rehbein Prof. Dr. Wolf K önig Prof. Dr. Rosita Rindler-Schjerve Dr. Eva Vetter Mag. Marie-Luise Volgger

EUROPEAN MULTILINGUALISM A Toolkit for Transnational Communication in Europe: Dealing with Linguistic Diversity European Multilingualism Globalisation, Europeanization, Transnational Phenomena Superdiversity

LANGUAGE CHOICE Language Choice Which Language to Choose is not Always Easy Inequality and Limited Access Toolkit: Help in Managing Linguistic Diversity Communicative Repertoire: Modes, Languages and Settings

COMMUNICATIVE RESOURCES Communicative Resources in Times of Globalization: Fragmentation, Hybridity, Fluidity Languaging, Languages Immigrant Languages, Turkish, Iranian Germanic (German, Danish, Dutch, English),, Russian,, Romance Languages (Spanish, Sardinian, Occitan, French), Basque, Estonian, Finnish, Hungarian, Russian Social Media, Database of Communication Patterns and Associated Languages Choices

MANAGING LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY Linguistic Diversity is Reality European Language Policy versus National Language Policy Laissez-faire versus Norms Communicative Efficiency Economy Principle Democracy Principle Successful Communication

CONFLICTING NORMS AND COMMON GROUND Contesting Norms Conflict between Groups Language as a Symbol of Conflict Hybridity as a Resolution of Conflict Common Ground All Communication is Intercultural Communication Norms of Language Choice in Particular Situation Types

MODES Four Communicative Strategies English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) Regional Languages of Communication Receptive Multilingualism Codeswitching

LARARELF ELFCSW Amsterdam Vienna Tiiburg Copenhagen Vienna Ankara Jyv äskylä Donostia-San Sebastian Utrecht Donostia-San Sebastian Copenhagen Ankara Amsterdam Donostia-San Sebatsian Vienna Ankara

English as a Lingua Franca Most Widely Used Strategy Problem 1: Access Problem 2: Lack of Neutrality Solution: Minimize Normativity (Do Not Require Native-Like Competence).

Regional Languages Various European Regions have Local Languages for Communication Often Historical Dimension Often Traditional Ways of Regional Communication Typology

Receptive Multilingualism Each Speaks his Own Language; the Other Understands Common Across Borders Development of Metalinguistic Competence Looking for Signs of Misunderstanding Training to Use Strategies that Ease Communication

CODESWITCHING Use of Both Languages at the Same Time, in the Same Conversation, Sometimes in the Same Sentence Typical of Informal Domains Follows Natural Path of Communication in Bilingual Settings Could well be used in More Formal Domains Development of Metalinguistic Competence and Communicative Strategies

ELFRELFLaRaCS 1. SLNlowhigh low 2. SHELowhigh low 3. NfIRSI LEINSI 4. USSF and IMFMII 5. TSGlobalRegiona l Local 6. L:ELFastSlowMediumFast 7. CPNOT IHigh Rest

SETTINGS Empirical Work Needs to be Done To Check the Four Modes in Different Language and Communicative Settings Institutions (Administrative, Supranational, etc.), Multilingual Cities, Virtual Spaces, Borderlands, Companies, Media School Setting, Classroom Interaction, Schoolyard, Youth Language (Mercator)