Why do we desperately need integrated coastal management, and how can we make it right? Presentation by Dr. Anamarija Frankic Center for Coastal Resources Management Virginia Institute of Marine Science College of William & Mary, USA

After 30 years of coastal management planning we are still trying to develop simple, effective and widely applicable models and approaches; and we need more successfully implemented examples! Today, the environmental problems in coastal areas have been exacerbated by habitat destruction, water contamination, coastal erosion and resources depletion; increasing social and cultural degradation as well as poverty!

America’s Living Oceans: Charting a Course for Sea Change The US Ocean Commission on Ocean Policy

What went wrong and what did we learn? The root cause of this crisis is a failure of both perspective & governance; Oceans & coasts are the largest public domain and has to be managed holistically for the benefit of local communities, recognizing their socio-economic and cultural heritage values; Involvement of local communities in the planning and decision-making process; Increased use conflicts can be managed simply by controlling where certain activities are undertaken, but sustainability can only be attained when environmental conditions are appropriate; Interdependence of land and sea! Watershed and ecosystem management approach Use suitability and use conflict analysis support the interdisciplinary and holistic aspects of coastal planning and sustainable development; indicating where better information is needed;

Major goals of responsible and sustainable coastal management: Optimize benefits from coastal and marine resources for local communities Identify desired uses Minimize conflicts Prevent environmental degradations But How?

Site suitability and use conflict analysis: identifying optimal allocations for user functions Finding suitable sites for existing and potential use/activity in the marine and coastal environment is one of the most critical challenges facing coastal planning and management.

Analytical Approach –Summary: 1.Optimal sites are selected based on environmental suitability analysis and GIS models. Environmental parameters required for potential activity sites were selected and generic protocol was developed. Often a modified version of the activity protocol has to be created and applied based on available and spatially explicit data. 2.GIS use-suitability modeling: application of available environmental suitability indicators from developed protocols; includes evaluation of the model with existing activity sites. 3.GIS use-conflict modeling and analysis: identification of exiting and potential uses,and use conflicts. 4.Characterization of management issues and options. Providing outcome scenarios and recommendations, identifying gaps to help guide future scientific research, monitoring and decision-making processes.

Protocol Example for Shellfish Aquaculture

Example of identified land uses for aquaculture site suitability analysis (Ch. Bay, Virginia) (Source: VIMS/CCRM, A. Frankic)

Identified use conflicts and management issues: Aquaculture and SAV Aquaculture and other uses of the water column Incompatible adjacent land use, and Water quality impairments.

Conclusion: This analytical approach supports interdisciplinary aspects of coastal planning, and indicate that use suitability models are useful for discriminating environmental potential among sites but they are inadequate as predictors for long-term sustainability. Why? The major shortcoming is inability to integrate social, cultural and economic considerations in the integrated CZM

Identify and implement socio- economic indicators for the integrated coastal area management Table with 32 suggested indicators; Source: UNESCO/IOC/COOP, Halifax, Feb 04 pril_04.html NEXT STEPS

“triple bottom line’ is used as a framework for measuring and reporting corporate performance against economic, social and environmental parameters (John Elkington) hy/triple-bottom/tbl-intro.asp hy/triple-bottom/tbl-intro.asp Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact- Response (DPSIR) model Economy (production, services, goods, income, profit) Society (social, political and cultural systems) Environment (natural resources, water, air, soil, raw materials, health)

Island Uljan - Preko

1Resident Population (census data) 17Pesticide Use in Watershed 2Population Density18Coastal Energy Production (% of National Production by type) 3Land Use/Land Cover Patterns/Composition 19Level/Value of Commercial Fish Landings by harvest area, gear type, species, weight, and value; 4Employment in Industry Sectors20Artisanal Fishing Effort by harvest area, value, species and type; 5% Population with Potable Water21Number/Value of Recreational Fishing Days 6% Population with Internet Access22Seafood Consumption Patterns gram/person/day 7Change in User Conflict23Seafood International Trade Value/Quantity/Terms & Direction 8Property Values 24Groundwater Extraction 9Income/wealth Distribution25Number of Tourists (% of National) per day or # of bed nights 10% Altered Coast26Number/Attendance at Recreational Bathing Beaches 11Public Access Points/km of coastline27Number of Shipping Vessels Entering/Transiting Coastal Waters 12Water dependent use industry/ coastal industry 28Aquaculture – Total Hectares, by type, weight, value and species type 13Value of Products dependent on Coastal Habitats 29Value Change in Seafood Due to Chemical Contamination 14Non-Use Values of Coastal Habitat(Bequest/Existence/Option) 30Value Change in Seafood Due to Pathogenic/Toxic Contamination 15% Population Served by Wastewater31Social mitigation cost of Invasive Species (public & private) 16Fertilizer Use in Watershed32Number of Beach Closings