Notes by: M. Steward Template by: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

Macedonia Small, mountainous country north of GreeceSmall, mountainous country north of Greece Most Macedonians were farmers.Most Macedonians were farmers. Cared little for Greeks; fought them in Persian WarsCared little for Greeks; fought them in Persian Wars Macedonian kings were from Greek decent.Macedonian kings were from Greek decent.

Philip II of Macedon Becomes king in 359 BCEBecomes king in 359 BCE Sparta still saw itself as the most powerful polis, or city, in Greece.Sparta still saw itself as the most powerful polis, or city, in Greece. Sparta left weak after Peloponnesian War, Macedon left strong.Sparta left weak after Peloponnesian War, Macedon left strong. From , Philip conquers most of Greece around Macedon and down towards AthensFrom , Philip conquers most of Greece around Macedon and down towards Athens

King Phillip II of Macedon Learned to love Greek culture when he was held prisoner in Thebes as a youthLearned to love Greek culture when he was held prisoner in Thebes as a youth Believed it was his destiny to unify the city- states and spread Greek cultureBelieved it was his destiny to unify the city- states and spread Greek culture

How did he accomplish this in 20 years? Had professional armyHad professional army New infantry formation (the phalanx)New infantry formation (the phalanx) Better weaponsBetter weapons Projectile weaponsProjectile weapons

Warfare in the Age of Alexander Phalanx: A formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears, developed by Philip II and used by Alexander the GreatPhalanx: A formation of infantry carrying overlapping shields and long spears, developed by Philip II and used by Alexander the Great

“Alliances”? To gain the upper-hand, would bribe local Greek officialsTo gain the upper-hand, would bribe local Greek officials Caused conflict among city-states, when weakened, would attack and conquerCaused conflict among city-states, when weakened, would attack and conquer Made treaties with Greek leaders only to break themMade treaties with Greek leaders only to break them Used marriage to form political alliancesUsed marriage to form political alliances

Demosthenes Athenian orator; tried to warn Greeks against PhilipAthenian orator; tried to warn Greeks against Philip Most Greeks believed in Philip after being discouraged with their local governmentsMost Greeks believed in Philip after being discouraged with their local governments When Philip lead his soldiers into central Greece in 338 B.C., Thebes and Athens tried to prevent invasion.When Philip lead his soldiers into central Greece in 338 B.C., Thebes and Athens tried to prevent invasion. They were defeated at the Battle of ChaeroneaThey were defeated at the Battle of Chaeronea

Philip’s Dream Unrealized...? Philip was killed during his preparations to take over Persia as well.Philip was killed during his preparations to take over Persia as well. His son Alexander took over the throne.His son Alexander took over the throne.

Alexander the Great B.C.E.

Alexander the Great--birth Born in 356 BCE.Born in 356 BCE. Some claim he was the son of Olympias (his mother) and Zeus was his father.Some claim he was the son of Olympias (his mother) and Zeus was his father. Father was Philip II.Father was Philip II. Raised in a military family, taken to battlefield at an early age.Raised in a military family, taken to battlefield at an early age.

Alexander the Great-education Fearless and strong, at 12, tames Bucephalus, a horse no one else could ride. Becomes his horse and travels on many journeys.Fearless and strong, at 12, tames Bucephalus, a horse no one else could ride. Becomes his horse and travels on many journeys. From 13 to 16, he was taught by Aristotle, a great Greek philosopher, scientist and lover of art.From 13 to 16, he was taught by Aristotle, a great Greek philosopher, scientist and lover of art.

Alexander the Great Strong in mind and physicallyStrong in mind and physically Was commander of his army since the age of 16Was commander of his army since the age of 16 Included scientists and philosophers in armyIncluded scientists and philosophers in army Would take back plant and animal samples for AristotleWould take back plant and animal samples for Aristotle

Alexander the Great ’ s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great Conquerors: AlexanderConquerors: AlexanderConquerors: AlexanderConquerors: Alexander

Building Greek Cities in the East

Pergamum: A New “ Hellenistic ” City Cosmopolitan Culture

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

EXTRA SLIDES

Hellenic vs. Hellenistic Art

Hellenistic Philosophers  Cynics  Diogenes  ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.  citizens of the world.  live a humble, simple life.  Epicurians  Epicurus  avoid pain & seek pleasure.  all excess leads to pain!  politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers  Stoics  Zeno  nature is the expansion of divine will.  concept of natural law.  get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.  true happiness is found in great achievements.

The “ Known ” World – 3c B.C.E.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences  Scientists / Mathematicians:  Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.  Euclid  geometry.  Archimedes  pulley.  Ptolemy  geocentric theory.

Ptolemaic View of the Universe

The Breakup of Alexander ’ s Empire

The Incursion of Rome into the Hellenistic World