Environmental History

Ancient Civilizations and Their Collapse Norse Greenland Civilization – Vikings settled a small area located next to water and covered with vegetation. Three factors led to their collapse. Deforestation, overgrazing, and removing turf for insolation.

Ancient Civilizations and Their Collapse Sumerian Civilization – 4000 B.C. highly advanced Sumerian civilization settled in the flood plains of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in present day Iraq. Discovered long term irrigation leads to soil salinization. Poor underground drainage slowly raised the water table to the surface and evaporation left salts that sharply reduced crop productivity.

Iceland – Settlers in the late 9 th and 10 th century destroyed most of the vegetation for settlements, soil erosion became prevalent and volcanic soils take a long time to build up. Settlers noticed what was occurring and took corrective actions to save the vegetation and conserve the soil. Stopped raising ecologically harmful pigs and goats, estimated how many sheep the grasslands could sustain and divided the allotted quotas among themselves. They learned to fish, how to tap into hot springs and heated rock formations for geothermal power, and how to use hydroelectric power. Iceland is now one of the leaders in Environmental Sustainability.

U.S. Environmental History Divided into four eras – Tribal Era: 5-10 million tribal people occupied North America 10,000 years before European Settlers. Had low impact ways of life because of their low numbers and low resource use per person. – Frontier Era: ( ) frontier environmental world view, wilderness should be conquered and managed for human use. Public land given away to private interest like railroads, schools, mining and timber companies, homesteaders etc. – Early conservation Era: ( ) people became aware of resource depletion. Advocates such as Henry David Thoreau and George Perkins Marsh – Conservation Era: (1870-Present) political battle between conservationists and private energy and resource companies. Economy vs. Conservation/Health

– First wildlife refuge established at Lake Merritt, California Yellowstone National Park, American Forestry Association, American Public Health Association formed – Killer fog in London kills 700 people 1890 – Frontier is closed. Yosemite National Park established – Forest Reserve Act (Pres. Can set aside forest reserves.) 1892 – Sierra Club (John Muir) Killer fog in London kills 1,000 people 1893 – remaining American Bison given refuge in Yellowstone National Park 1900 – Lacey Act bans interstate shipment of birds killed in violation of state laws – Reclamation Act promotes irrigation and water development projects in the west – 1 st National Wildlife refuge established at Pelican Island, Florida – Child Lead Poisoning linked to lead-based paints – US Forest Service, Audubon Society created – Antiquities Act allows president to set aside areas on federal lands as national monuments. Pure Food and Drug Act enacted – Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius “increased emissions from burning fossil fuels will lead to global warming – Weeks Act allows Forest Service to purchase land at headwaters of navigable streams as part of national Forest System – Public Health Service Act authorizes government investigation of water pollution – Ecologists form Ecological Society of America – National Park Service Act creates National Park System and National Park Service Migratory Bird Act restricts hunting of Migratory birds – Public health boards established in most cities

– Civilian Conservation Corps established 1934 – Taylor Grazing Act regulates livestock grazing on public lands. Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act requires federal license for duck hunters, with funds used for waterfowl refuges. Dust Bowl storms begin in Midwest – Soil Conservation Act creates Soil Erosion Service. Wilderness Society founded – Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act levies federal tax on gun and ammunition sales, with funds used for wildlife research and protection. Term greenhouse effect coined by Professor Glen Trewaha – Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act regulates consumer foods, drugs, and cosmetics – US Fish and Wildlife Service created to manage national Wildlife refuge system and protect endangered species – Rooftop solar water heaters widely used in Florida – Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act regulates use of pesticides. Everglades National Park and Defenders of Wildlife founded – Air pollution disaster at Donora Pennsylvania, kills 20 and sickens 7,000 people – Aldo Leopold’s Sand County Almanac published – The Nature Conservancy formed – 4,000 people die in London Killer Smog – Atomic Energy Act promotes development of nuclear power plants – Water Pollution Control Act provides grants to states for water treatment plants. 1,000 people killed in London Smog incident – Price-Anderson Act greatly limits liability of power plant owners and the government in cases of a major nuclear power plant accident.

– World Wildlife Fund Founded 1962 – Rachel Carson Silent Spring published. Alerts public about harmful effects of pesticides. 750 die in London smog incident 1963 – 300 deaths and 1,000 of illnesses in New York City from air pollution. Clean Air Act begins with stricter admendments in 1965, 1970, and – Wilderness Act establishes National Wilderness System – Land and Water Conservation Act authorizes federal funds for local state and federal purchase of open space and parkland – Environmental Defense Fund formed – Paul Ehrlich The Population Bomb published. Garrett Hardin Tragedy of the Commons article published. UN Biosphere Conference to discuss global environmental problems – Cuyahoga River catches fire due to oil pollution. Oil Well leaks off of Santa Barbara, California kill wildlife and pollute beaches. Environmental Policy Act requires federal agencies to evaluate environmental impact of their actions. Apollo mission photo of the earth from space leads to spaceship-earth environmental worldview.

– First EARTH DAY, EPA, Occupational Health and Safety Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, Natural Resources Defense Council 1971 – Biologist Barry Commoner publishes The Closing Circle explain ecological problems and calling for pollution prevention – Oregon passes first beverage bottle recycling law, David Brower - Earth Island Institute, Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, Ocean Dumping Act, Marine protection and, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, Coastal Zone Management Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, Consumer Product Safety Act, UN conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, Sweden – OPEC cuts off oil to nations supporting Israel. Lead Base Poisoning Act, Convention 1974 – Roland and Molina suggest CFC’s are depleting the ozone. Worldwatch Institute, Safe Drinking Water Act 1975 – Energy Policy and Conservation Act 1976 – National Forest Management Act, Substances Control Act, RCRA requires tracking of hazardous waste, Noise Control Act, regulates harmful noise level. UN Conference on Human Settlements –Clean Water Act, Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act. Soft Energy Paths published by Amory B. Lovins calls for switch from fossil/nuclear power to solar power. US Department of Energy created Love Canal, New York, housing development evacuated because toxic wastes, leaking from old dumpsite, Federal land Policy and Management Act strengthens public land regulation – Three Mile Island accident. Oil shortage because of revolution in Iran

1980’s 1980 – Superfund law passed to clean up abandoned toxic waste dumps. Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act protects 42 million hectares (104 million acres) of land in Alaska – EPA and National Academy of Sciences publish reports finding that buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will lead to global warming – Toxic fumes leaking from pesticide plant in Bhopal India kill at least 6000 people, injure 50,00-60,000. Lester R. Brown publishes first annual State of the World report – Scientist discover annual seasonal thinning of the ozone Layer above Antarctica – Explosion of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine. Times Beach, Missouri evacuated and bought by EPA because of dioxin contamination – Montreal Protocol to have emissions of ozone-depleting CFC’s signed by 24 countries. International Basel Convention controls movement of hazardous waste between countries – Industry-backed wise-use movement established to counter environmental movement. Biologist E.O. Wilson publishes Biodiversity, detailing how human activities are affecting the earth’s diversity of species – Exxon Valdez oil tanker accident in Alaska’s Prince William Sound

1990’s 1990 – 21 st annual Earth Day, Clean Air act amended to increase regulation of air pollution and trading of air pollution credits. National Environmental Education Act authorizes funding of environmental education programs at elementary and secondary school level Persian Gulf War to protect oil in Middle East. Moratorium on mining in Antarctica for 50 years. National People of Color Summit to promote environmental justice – UN environmental summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on Biological Diversity – The Ecology of Commerce discussing relationships between ecology and business 1994 – UN conference on Population Development held in Egypt. Desert Protection Act – Cruzen, Molina, and Rowland win Noble Prize for work on ozone depletion by CFC’s (chloroflurocarbons) 1996 – Theo Coburn publishes Our Stolen Future warning about hormone disrupting chemicals Meeting in Kyoto, Japan to negotiate treaty to help slow global warming

2000’s Pres. Bill Clinton protects large areas in national forests from roads and logging, designates large parcels of public land as national monuments – UN International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) cites new and stronger evidence that human activities contribute to global warming IPCC issues new report concluding that 90-99% of human activities burning fossil fuels have led to the warming of the atmosphere for the past 50 years 2008 – no real progress has been made with major environmental problems such as biodiversity degradation, energy policy, and projected climate change from global warming.

EPI Environmental Performance Index In 2014 the U.S. was ranked 33 rd out of 178 countries on the EPI.

What to know for the Test Understand and Explain: What happened to the Sumerian, Viking, and Iceland ancient civilizations The four eras of US environmental History The differences between Lake Merritt, California and Pelican Island, Florida Forest Reserve Act Antiquities Act Soil conservation Act Atomic Energy Act Clean Air Act and it’s amendments The significance of the Apollo mission photo of earth from space Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Occupational Health and Safety Act Clean Water Act Superfund Montreal Protocol Exxon-Valdez Kyoto Protocol

FOREST RESERVE ACT – president can set aside forest areas ANTIQUITIES ACT – president can set aside public lands as national monuments to protect artifacts SOIL CONSERVATION ACT – to improve and preserve soil resources by paying farmers subsidies to reduce production ATOMIC ENERGY ACT – control/management of nuclear technology – 1954 – amended to make information accessible to the private sector

CLEAN AIR ACT – 1963 – est. EPA research – Research Expanded – 1970 – FED/STATE regulations increased, mobile sources included, federal enforcement expanded – 1990 – acid rain, ozone depletion, permit systems, new gas reformulation regulations OSHA – workplace safety RCRA – disposal of solid/hazardous waste

CLEAN WATER ACT – reduce point/nonpoint source pollution to restore chemical, biological, physical Integrity. Does not address ground water. Superfund – CERCLA – Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act. Clean up contaminated sites w/ hazardous waste

Montreal Protocol – reduce CFC’s in the atomsphere Kyoto Protocol – reduce global warming Exxon Valdez – 54 th largest oil spill in the world, 2 nd largest oil spill in United States, damaged coast of Alaska