1. Chapter 21: Economics, Policy and the Future

2. Key Terms: Sustainability Economics Environmental Impact Statement
Lobbying

3. Objectives Describe some of the challenges to achieving sustainability
Describe several major international meetings and agreements relating to the environment
Explain how economics and environmental science are related
Compare two ways that governments influence economics
Give an example of private effort to address environmental problems

4. Economics and International Cooperation
More than 6 billion people living on earth
Today we have longer life expectancies
Many disagree how humans are impacting the earth today? And how we should fix them?
Will we run out of resources ?
Is the present human condition sustainable?
(the condition in which human needs are met in such a way that human populations can survive indefinitely)
Economics and politics and ES all work together

5. International Development and Cooperation
Globalization- environmental and social conditions are linked across political borders worldwide.
People cross boarder to find better way of life
We need world wide efforts
Debate who is responsible – want a common goal

6. Sustainable Development
The World Conservation Union (IUCN), 1948
Un Conference on Human Environments, Stockholm, 1972
UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED or Earth Summit) 1992
World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002

7. Climate and Atmosphere
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1988
Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992
Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer,
Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change 1997 (US did not sign) (cost out weighed the benefit)

8. Other Agreements Antarctic Treaty and Convention 1959
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from ships (MARPOL) 1973, 1978
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)1973
Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) 1979
Law of the Sea 1982
Basel Convention 1989
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 1992
Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS) 1994
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety 2000
UN Forum on Forests (UNFF) 2001

9. Economics and the Environment
Economics- study of the choices people make as they use and distribute limited resources
Markets- money and products flow in cycles
Economic growth- when you have an increase in that flow
Economics can draw resources from the environment and return waste or cause damage to ecosystem (Market Failures)
Ocean are free- Whaling (Whale Wars)

10. Regulation and Economic Incentives
Fines and jail time
Economic incentives (tax cuts for energy efficient products)

11. Private Efforts Donate land for parks, money to causes
Conducting research/ environmental management
Nature Conservancy- nonprofit organization to help preserve ecosystems

12. 21.2 Environmental Policies in the US
Describe 2 major developments in US environmental history
Give examples of 3 federal agencies that have environmental responsibilities
Explain the purpose of Environmental Impact Statements
Give an example of how citizens can affect environmental policy at each level of government- local, state, and national
Evaluate the media as a source of information about the environment

13. History of US Environmental Policy
1800’s – Hunters and Gathers; turn prairies into croplands; cut down forest; hunt animals to extinction
1900’s Roosevelt and Muir- increased protection and management of nation’s resources- national parks and forests established

14. Environmental Agencies and Laws
1930’s- poor farming- soil erosion and crop disasters leads to poverty
Better waste disposal
Fist earth day celebrated around the world 1970 and EPA was also created

15. US Federal Agencies and Environmental Responsibilities
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Interior
US Fish and Wildlife Service
Bureau of Land Management
National Parks Service
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Marine Fisheries Service
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Department of Energy

16. Environmental Impact Statements (EIS)
Government agencies are required to file for any proposed project or policy that would have a significant effect on the environment (dams, highways, airports)
State the impact on environment and if any negative impact can be minimized- the public can attempt to speak against

17. Unfunded Mandated and Economic Impacts
1995, Congress passed a low to prevent unfunded mandates, which are federal regulations that do not provide funds for state or local governments to implement the regulations
Government must provide funding for any new law that would cost more that 50 million to implement
Can no longer pass laws that require local communities to conduct their own tests

18. Influencing Environmental Policy
Local governments- citizens, City councils
State Governments
Lobbying- organized attempt to influence the decision of lawmakers (political donations)
Media and Source on Information (not always accurate)

19. 21.3 The importance of the individual
Give examples of individuals who have influenced environmental history
Identify ways in which the choices that you make as an individual may affect the environment

20. Influential Individuals
Thoreau-( )- Walden Pond
Muir ( ) Sierra Club
Roosevelt ( ) first president to support conservation, funded forest service expanded national forests 400% and first National Monuments
Hamilton ( ) disease by working with chemicals (lead and gasoline)
Carson ( ) Silent Springs, pesticides

21. Continued: Ehrlich- Population Bomb Goodall (1934-) Chimpanzees
Cousteau ( ) undersea explorations
Hardin ( ) The Tragedy of the Commons

22. Applying Your Knowledge
Voting
Weighing the Evidence
Consumer Choices (Reduce, reuse, Recycle)