Rome - Intro CHW3M Ms. Gluskin York Mills CI

A Practical and Monumental Civilization Wilke D. Schram. The Roman Water System (March 29, 2012). Cloaca Maxima, sewer Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance economics-of-water-part-5-roman-municipal-finance.html (March 29, 2012). economics-of-water-part-5-roman-municipal-finance.html

Familiar To Many People… Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, (April 1, 2013). Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, (April 1, 2013).

Historical Thinking Concepts Evidence Historical Perspectives Continuity & Change Cause & Consequence Trial of the Assassins of Julius Caesar Roman Emperor PPT Assignment Mostly secondary sources

Timeline of Republic 700s BCE – Etruscan civilization 753 BCE – Founding of Rome 509 BCE – Roman Republic begins Monarchy Republic = form of government with no monarchy

Timeline of Empire 44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of Empire 476 CE – End of the empire in the west 1453 – End of the empire in the east

Republic About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline y-Rome-Timeline.htm (March 29, 2012). y-Rome-Timeline.htm Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome 44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic (March 29, 2012).

Theme #1: Growth & Expansion W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997, (March 30, 2013). Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE)

Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development Physical map of Europe Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d., (April 2, 2012).

Orientation Toward the Sea Trade Navy Therefore: Eventually Rome was able to dominate the Mediterranean.

No Internal Physical Barriers There were mountains but they didn’t divide like in Greece Therefore: There was more unity than in Greece after the Romans (a tribe) began expanding and conquering other territories.

Agriculture Very fertile soil (due to volcanic ash) Good rivers Population growth meant that there still wasn’t enough land Need to import grain from Sicily and Egypt Therefore: Romans needed to conquer more territory in order to expand (military) Carthage potential enemy

The Alps These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians” Therefore: Rome felt protected by these mountains, possibly superior There were invasions, however

Alps Hannibal crossing the Alps Alps Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: (March 29, 2012).

Theme #2: Romanization Roman bath in Bath, England Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d. (March 30, 2013). Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture

Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship Ruins of Forum Romanum, where citizens came to meet National Geographic News, Photo Gallery: Ancient Rome Reborn in 3-D, Oct. 28, 2010, (March 30, 2013). Privileges of citizenship – see pages in textbook

Privileges of Roman Citizenship Protected in law from random power of magistrates Child of father citizen is citizen (if…) Less taxes, no tribute payment Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

Theme #4: Struggle of the Orders – Patricians vs. Plebeians The Plebeians went on strike in the 400s BCE (plebeian secession) The Twelve Tables (law code from the 400s BCE) Table VIII. 2. If one has maimed the limb and does not compromise with the injured person, let there be retaliation. If one has broken a bone of a freeman with his hand or with a cudgel, let him pay a penalty of three hundred coins. If he has broken the bone of a slave, let him have one hundred and fifty coins. If one is guilty of insult, the penalty shall be twenty-five coins. Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. [Later struck down.] Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables (June 1998), August 10, 2002http://

Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings [2 Consuls and other magistrates] Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for them [Senate] Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens [committees and tribunes]

Balanced Government? Monarchical Aristocratic Democratic 2 Consuls + other magistrates Committees Councils, Tribunes

Magistrates (gov’t officials) Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum Censors Consuls Praetors Aediles Quaestors Why is dictator not on the cursus honorum? Census and censorship Army Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans Roads, water, etc. Financial matters

Theme #6: State Religion The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church in the 600s CE after the empire became Christian (300s CE). McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, /Lectures-2005/term-work/50-questions/sixth- five.html (March 30, 2013) /Lectures-2005/term-work/50-questions/sixth- five.html Rome.info, Roman Pantheon, , (April 1, 2013).

Etruscans They were another tribe on the Italian peninsula just north of Rome Highly advanced culture Some of Rome’s 7 early kings were Etruscan Etruscan urn, 4 th or 3 rd century BCE Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Cinerary Urn (March 29, 2012).

Etruscan Cultural Contributions to Rome Greek alphabet Urban infrastructure Tunnels Dams Arches and vaults Religious practices Animism = spirits are everywhere Taking auspices = predicting the future by looking at the livers of animals Kevin J. McGowan, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Frequently Asked Questions About Crows, 2010, (April 1, 2013).

Etruscan Cultural Contributions, con’t Funereal games = gladiator games eventually Symbols Fasces = became a Roman symbol of imperium, having the power over life and death (see page 168 in textbook) fasces Livius. Fasces. N.d., (March 29, 2012).

Homework Day 1: Take notes on : Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern Spain Carthaginians, Hannibal Scipio Africanus Addition of eastern territory Coloniae Via Appia

Homework Takeup: Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans. Name two societies the Romans defeated. What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans? How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

Monarchical, Aristocratic or Democratic Element of Republican Government? Includes the two leaders of the armies A check on their power is that they can only serve one year in a row It looks like they might have the most power in this supposedly “balanced” system A check on their power is that they control where the army is sent Patricians with a lot of power A check on their power is that they must agree Eventually came to have some say against patricians

Roman Social Customs Beliefs: Superstitious Greeks and Etruscans, added their own Auspices, military, elections, gods Astrology, zodiac Pontifex Maximus, calendar Animal sacrifices

Family Life and Morality: Family Paterfamilias, household, wife, children, slaves Potestas Property Adoption Love Recognized

Education Together Latin Home, in public 16, Forum No education Girls