1. Rome – Intro – Aristocracy/Democracy/Empire
CHW3M
Ms. Gluskin
York Mills CI

2. A Practical and Monumental Civilization
Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE
Arena in Pompeii
Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance (March 29, 2012).
Nappo Salvatore Ciro, A Pompeii: Its discovery and preservation, BBC History, 2011, (Oct. 26, 2015).

3. Familiar To Many People…
Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome
Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain
PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, (April 1, 2013).
Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, (April 1, 2013).

4. Our Trial
Trial of the assassins of Julius Caesar, held after he was killed in 44 BCE
This trial will pit two “interpretations” of Rome against each other
Caesar and his plebeian supporters and loyalists in the army
Brutus and his friends in the Senate
The republic isn’t working anymore – ordinary people matter too – and what’s the big deal if Caesar has dictator-like powers?
The Senate should retain its power – Caesar is king-like and Romans hate kings!

5. Timeline of Republic 700s BCE – Etruscan civilization
753 BCE – Founding of Rome
Monarchy (some of the kings were Etruscan and had a bad reputation)
509 BCE – Roman Republic begins
Republic = form of government with no monarchy

6. Timeline of Empire 44 BCE – End of Republic – beginning of Empire
First Century CE – rule of Augustus, Nero
Second Century CE – rule of Diocletian, Constantine
Second Century CE – rule of Trajan, Hadrian, Aurelius
476 CE – End of the empire in the west
1453 – End of the empire in the east

7. Republic = Res publica (public affair)
44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic – already an empire in all but name
Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome
About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline (March 29, 2012).
Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic (March 29, 2012).

8. Theme #1: Growth & Expansion
Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE)
W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997,
(March 30, 2013).

9. Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development
Physical map of Europe
Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d., (April 2, 2012).

10. Julius Caesar’s Conquest of Gaul, 57 BCE
Joshua A. Mark, “Julius Caesar,” Ancient History Encyclopedia, April 28, 2011, (original source is US Military Academy, 2011)

11. The Alps These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe
Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians”
Therefore:
Rome felt protected by these mountains, possibly superior
There were invasions, however

12. Alps Hannibal crossing the Alps Alps
Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: (March 29, 2012).

13. Theme #2: Romanization
Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture
Roman bath in Bath, England.
Will all conquered areas be happy to be part of the empire? Will they get the benefits of being part of the empire? Will they become Roman?
Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d.
(March 30, 2013).

14. Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship
Privileges of citizenship – see pages in textbook
Ruins of the Pompeii Forum, where citizens came to meet
John J. Dobbins, The Forum at Pompeii, 2006, (Oct. 26, 2015)

15. Privileges of Roman Citizenship
Protected in law from random power of magistrates
Child of father citizen is citizen (if…)
Less taxes, no tribute payment
Slave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

16. Theme #4: The Fight for Power – Patricians vs. Plebeians
Plebeian = common person
Patrician = aristocrat, noble
The plebeians went on strike from the army for better treatment from the Senate, especially the harshness of debt law.
This resulted in the creation of two new positions, Tribunes, specially for plebeians. But they still felt like the patricians controlled the unfair laws.
This resulted in the publicizing of the laws, the Twelve Tables (law code from 450 BCE). They were still unfair to the plebeians.
Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians.
The plebeians were still unhappy and went on strike again.
With two plebeian-friendly consuls in power, the marriage law was changed.
Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables (June 1998), August 10, 2002;

17. Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic
Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings {rex=king}
[2 Consuls and other magistrates]
Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for patricians
[Senate]
Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens
[committees and tribunes = reps of the plebs]

18. Balanced Government? Aristocratic Democratic Monarchical
2 Consuls + other magistrates (gov’t officials)
Numerous elected Committees Councils, Tribunes

19. Magistrates (gov’t officials) see p. 169
Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum
SENATE is at the top as the “prize” and it has the most power
Censors
Census and censorship
Consuls = most power
Army
Praetors
Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans
Aediles
Roads, water, etc.
Quaestors
Financial matters
Dictator not on the cursus honorum

20. Dictator Not a normal position on the Cursus Supposed to be temporary
Only for time of crisis such as war
Supposed to be temporary
6 months
What could this lead to?

21. Theme #6: Roman State Religion
The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church.
Emperor Augustus dressed as a Roman priest
Ritualistic, polytheistic religion
People wanted the gods’ approval
Priests (pontiffs)
Sacrifices
Taking of auspices (e.g., reading the liver of birds to predict the future, watching the direction birds flew)
McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, (March 30, 2013); Nigel Pollard, BBC History: Roman Religion Gallery, 2011, (Oct. 30, 2015).

22. Homework Day 1: Take notes on 172-176:
Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern Spain
Carthaginians, Hannibal
Scipio Africanus
Addition of eastern territory
Coloniae
Via Appia

23. Homework Takeup:
Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans.
Name two societies the Romans defeated.
What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans?
How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

24. War vs. Carthage – Expansion 264-146 BCE
Encyclopedia Britannica, “Punic Wars,” April 2, 2018,