1 Past Perfect Simple

2 Form HAD + Past Participle I/She/They had arrived before he came. I/She/They hadn‘t arrived before he came. Had you left before he came? Yes, I had./ No, I hadn‘t. What had you done before he came?

3 Use (1) n 1) It is used to express an action in the past which happened before another action (or state) in the past. n When I came home, John had cooked a meal. (At first, John cooked a meal, and then I came home. = the meal was ready when I came home.) n I was hungry because I hadn‘t eaten anything whole day.

4 Use (2) n 2) It is used in reported speech to report the sentence in Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. n „We have met before.“→ She said they had met before. n „We met in 1989.“→ She said they had met in 1987.

5 Use (3) n 2) It is used in the third conditional (to talk about the past, to regret something about the past). n If you hadn‘t missed the bus, you would have been at the concert on time. (But you missed the bus and you came late to the concert.)