1. Past Perfect
had +
[past participle]

2. Past Perfect He had spoken. / He’d spoken. He hadn’t spoken.
Had he spoken?

3. Past Perfect
for a past action that happened before another past action. The emphasis is on the results, not the duration.
I watched TV after I had done my homework.
When I arrived home, someone had broken into my house.

4. Past Perfect Important to Remember
Note: this tense requires two events (or one event and one point in time) in the past, where one event finished before the other.
[I did my homework. Then I watched TV.]
I watched TV after I had done my homework.
After I had done my homework, I watched TV.

5. Past Perfect I watched TV after I had done my homework.
For the second event, use the simple past.
[I did my homework. Then I watched TV.]
I watched TV after I had done my homework.

6. Past Perfect This tense puts emphasis on the first event
because it affects the second event.
I had stopped at an ATM before I took my friends out to lunch.
I had taken my friends out to lunch before I stopped at an ATM.
Question: who was unable to pay for lunch?

7. If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.
Past Perfect
The past perfect simple is also used with Type III conditionals (conditionals not possible in the past).
If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.

8. Past Perfect Key words, Part 1
WARNING:
often confused
by [time]
by the time

9. Past Perfect Key words, Part 2
after
Use with 1st event.

10. Past Perfect Key words, Part 2
before
when
as soon as
by [time]
by the time
Use with 2nd event.

11. Past Perfect Sample Sentences
I had ironed all the clothes before I started cooking.
Had she gone to bed when he called?
By the time he was twenty, he had had twelve girlfriends.
By 1999, the war had ended.

12. Past Perfect Common Problems
By the time, he had left the building. No second event.
The thief left the building before the police had arrived. Wrong sequence

13. Past Perfect
Practice 1
I could not remember the poem I _____ ______ (learn) the night before the test.
The waiter brought a drink I _____ _____ _____ (not, order).

14. Past Perfect Practice 2 When our baby (be born)_______________ ,
we realized how easy our life (be) _____________.

15. Past Perfect http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/past3b.html
Online practice:

16. The end
The end
The End
Canadian Elephant in Nest