1. Past Perfect

2. Application (Why?) We use the past perfect to show: two actions that happened in the past, the first action was complete before the second began.

3. Language Objective: We will write complete sentences in the past perfect verb tense in three forms: declarative, negative interrogative.

4. Parts of Speech: Verbs had + past participle

5. Formulas & Examples Declarative + Past: Subject + had + past participle + finisher. Example: My family had finished dinner by the time I sat down at the table.

6. Negative - Past: Subject + had + not + past participle + finisher. Example: When the check arrived, we had not yet ordered dessert.. (hadn’t)

7. Interrogative ? Past: Had + subject + past participle + finisher? Example: Had the waitress taken your order before she set the water on the table?

8. Past Perfect Time Markers  By the time ________________  I had eaten my whole snack by the time class began.  By ___________  By 6 this morning I had finished my workout.  Before ______________  I had run 6 miles before the time went off.  When _____________  When we left for vacation I had forgotten the tickets at home.  Already ________  They had left already when we arrived.

9. USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

10. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs) With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non- continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.Non-Continuous VerbsMixed Verbs We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

11. Just in case you were wondering??? If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples: She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.