 Nationalism & Imperialism in the Middle East As the Ottoman Empire is weakening, Nationalism movements rise in the Middle East. After the defeat of the Ottoman Empire during WWI & the establishment of European Mandate System in the Middle East

Ottoman Empire at height! Ottoman Turks had ruled over the Middle East for over 500 years! Arab Nationalist groups begin to call for an end of Ottoman Control.

Uprising against the Ottoman Rulers! As other ethic & cultural regions began to break away from the Ottoman Empire, Arabs nationalism increased!

Nationalist Groups pulling apart Ottoman Turks! Greeks, Bulgaria and many other areas revolt and break away from the Ottoman Empire. European countries like Italy, Britain and Russia were “nipping” away at pieces of the empire too.

 Ottoman Sultan’s tried to strengthen the Empire Attempts of Reform …  Government reforms- western ideas of constitution & division of power!  Change to secular government  Schools to teach western ideas & modernize Failure of Reforms  Corrupt leaders saw as a threat to their power!  Religious leaders saw as a threat to their power!  Threat to Islamic culture.

 Arab Nationalism too! Arab Nationalist Leaders  Hussein ibn Ali- Arabia  With British backing, Hussein launched the Arab Revolt against Ottoman forces in Arabia on 5 June  British promise to Arabs independence …. Hussein Ibn Ali

 Humiliation for Turks! Rise of Turkish nationalism. Young Turks  Young Turks  Abandoned Ottoman tolerance of diverse cultures & religions  Persecuted non-Muslim communities; especially Armenian Christians (ties to Russia)  Impose Turkish culture on Arabs  Armenian Genocide.. Turkish Nationalism

Nationalist movements and WWI will bring an end to the Ottoman Empire! In addition to the internal rebellions, foreign enemies picked apart the Ottoman Empire through land seizures, attacks and invasions… Finally alliances in WWI will bring an end to the Ottoman Empire.

 End of WWI

If the Ottoman Empire and their allies in WWI were defeated, Arabs believed they could become independent and rule themselves based on their Cultures and beliefs.

On May 19, 1916, Great Britain and France secretly reach an accord, the Sykes-Picot agreement. Sykes-Picot agreement, by which most of the Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are to be divided into British and French spheres of influence with the conclusion of World War I.

Sykes-Picot Agreement Secret Agreement between the British and the French (with consent of Russia) defining their “spheres of influence” in the Middle East if they defeated the Ottoman Empire in WWI.

Europeans do not grant independence!  Once Ottoman lose the war, their provinces…. Arab lands were taken over by the Europeans…  Turks retained Asia Minor, modern day Turkey, as their state.

Resources, oil, Suez Canal, Naval Security… Many Reasons.. Russia wanted access to Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea, Brit’s wanted the Suez Canal. Both Russia and Britain gained economic control in Iran.. Access to oil!

Arabia began its transformation into a country ruled by the al-Saud family, Also, several smaller nations were born out of the dead body of the Ottoman lands in the Middle East, including the states of Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon and yet-to-be-born state of Palestine.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk New leader of Turkey Modernized & Westernized the Country of Turkey Discuss in detail information from home work about Ataturk’s reforms!!

British also promised The Balfour Declaration of 1917 was the first significant declaration by a world power in favor of a Jewish "national home" in what was known as Palestine.

 Arab resentment and anger at the British & Europeans for not living up to promise made during WWI! British promised the Jewish a homeland in Palestine, while indicating they would allow Arabs independence in Palestine! All of the Arab/African peoples are unhappy about European Colonialism & begin a Nationalism Movement & struggle against Europeans Dominance/ Imperialism.!!!