 Happy Tuesday!  How was your three-day weekend??  Anyone watch the Inauguration?  This week:  TUESDAY: Guillotine  WEDNESDAY/THURSDAY: Napoleon  FRIDAY: Ending project  Next week: prepare for the test…

 What sticks out to you?  What do you think the theme of President Obama’s speech is?  Why is an inauguration important for the President?

What did you do this three-day weekend? Who was fighting in the French Revolution? Why were they fighting? Who did they kill?

Chapter 23.2

 yer_embedded&v=wXsZbkt0yqo yer_embedded&v=wXsZbkt0yqo

 To analyze the Reign of Terror and what it did to French Society  To identify Robespierre and his role in the F.R.  To analyze the uses of the guillotine in history.

 The ruler at this time is Louis the XVI.  With all the unrest he tries to escape.  He is caught at the French border and brought back.  Recognized from his portrait on some paper money.

 Despite new government, old problems still arose.  Wanted more freedom, equality and bread.  Government still had huge debt.  This caused the Revolution’s leaders to turn against each other

 Radicals  Moderates  Conservatives

 Sat on the left side  Sat on the left side of the hall; were called left wing and said to be on the left.  Opposed the king and the idea of monarchy. proposed that common people have full power in the republic.  Wanted sweeping changes in government and proposed that common people have full power in the republic.

 Sat in the centercalled centrists  Sat in the center of the hall an were called centrists.  Wanted some changes in government  Wanted some changes in government, but not as many as the radicals.

 Sat on the right side  Sat on the right side of the hall; were called right wing.  Upheld the ideamonarchy.  Upheld the idea of a limited monarchy.  Wanted few changes in government  Wanted few changes in government,

 Royal palace is invaded by Parisian revolutionaries.  The kings guards are massacred.  Louis, Marie Antoinette, and their children are imprisoned

 Met in Paris on September 21 and quickly abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.  The delegates reduced King Louis role to that of prisoner, found him guilty of treason and sentenced him to death by guillotine.

 Louis XVI saying goodbye to his children

 Notice the color? It was intentionally red- the color of blood

 1.In the 1700's there were many executed and Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotine suggested that decapitation would be a more humane method of execution.  2.His model was first used on April 25, 1792 at the Place De Greve  3.Although he didn't invent the guillotine his name will forever be attached to it.

Crossbar The Crossbar contains the release mechanism for the Mouton. A metal bar connects the Delic to the rocker arm. When pulled down it opens the jaws of the grab, and the Mouton falls down. Spring steel keeps the parts in the right position. Mouton & Blade The Mouton is a weight, which on four wheels, runs in the grooves of the uprights. The blade is attached to the mouton with three bolts. On the top of the mouton is a hook for the rope, and a spike with an arrowhead, which fits in the sprung grab. The mouton weighs 30kg, and the blade 7kg+ the three bolts, about 1kg each. It makes a total weight of 40kg.

Declic & Release Handle The declic is the handle that the executioner pulls down to release the mouton. A metal bar that runs inside the upright connects the declic to the rocker arm in the crossbar. Lunette This part of the guillotine is made of two wooden pieces, one fixed and one moveable. The lunette is copper lined at the side towards the blade. Bascule At the start of the execution, this teeterboard stands in vertical position. The victim is pushed against it, and is tilted into horizontal position, face down with his neck in the lunette between the uprights. On the side of the bascule is a sort of table which is also hinged to make it easy to pull the headless body into a big basket after the execution.

 uRXs uRXs

 Nine months after her husband's execution, Marie Antoinette was herself tried, convicted of treason, and executed by guillotine on 16 October  As she approached the scaffold, she accidently stepped on the executioner’s foot. Her last words were "Monsieur, I beg your pardon."

 4pIctRjA

 Dozen of leaders struggle for power.  Maximilien Robespierre slowly gathers control in his hands.  He tries to build a Republic of virtue.

 Maximilien created the Committee of Public Safety.  Was it really a Committee of Public Safety?  He decide who was an enemy or friend of the state, often times trying the person in the morning and sending them to the guillotine in the afternoon.

 Lasted for 10 months  The guillotine was sometimes referred as Madame Guillotine, or National Razor  Death toll estimates from 16,000 to 40,000  At the height of the Terror, 50 people were being executed each day!  Some reasons for execution? A bartender served sour wine, and another young man chopped down a tree planted in the name of Revolution.

 By July 1794, members of the National Convention knew that none of them would be safe from Maximilien Robespierre and turned on him.  He was sent to the guillotine!  The following year moderate leaders drafted a plan for the government (3 rd since 1789).  Power placed firmly into the hands of the upper middle class.

 The plan called for a two-house legislation and an executive body of 5 men know as the Directory.  The directory found the right general to command Frances armies.  His name was Napoleon Bonaparte.

 screen&v=l9HkWlgv3g8&NR=1 screen&v=l9HkWlgv3g8&NR=1

 The guillotine remained the official method of execution in France until the death penalty was abolished in  The last guillotining in France was that of torture- murderer Hamida Djandoubi on September 10, 1977.

 In 1933, Adolf Hitler had a guillotine constructed and tested.  National Socialist records indicate that between 1933 and 1945, 16,500 people were executed by guillotine in Germany and Austria.

 A: Anatomists and other scientists in several countries have tried to perform more definitive experiments on severed human heads as recently as What appears to be a head responding to the sound of its name, or to the pain of a pinprick, may be only random muscle twitching or automatic reflex action, with no awareness involved.  At the very least, it seems that the massive drop in cerebral blood pressure would cause a victim to lose consciousness in a few seconds

 Primary Source from the execution of Louis XVI  Read the source, and then answer the 6 questions