Section 1: Classical Conditioning.  PDN: Read page 284-285  What is the best way to learn?

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Presentation transcript:

Section 1: Classical Conditioning

 PDN: Read page  What is the best way to learn?

 Learning: A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.  Experience is the greatest teacher  Affect how the person is likely to act in the future

 Behaviorism: An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinant of behavior.  Focus of conditioning- involves associations between environmental stimuli & responses  Two types  Classical Conditioning  Operant Conditioning

Classical Conditioning  Ivan Pavlov was studying the salivation in dogs  Eventually the dogs would start salivating just when brought to the laboratory & saw an empty bowl  Conditioned reflex because it depended on environmental conditions

Pavlov’s Apparatus  Harness and fistula (mouth tube) help keep dog in a consistent position and gather uncontaminated saliva samples  They do not cause the dog discomfort 9-6

New Reflexes from Old  Original salivary reflex- Unconditioned response (UCR)  Food- unconditioned stimulus (UCS)  UCS- any event or thing that elicits a response automatically or reflexively  UCR- response that is automatically produced

 Learning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) that is paired with a UCS  A CS elicits a CR, which is usually similar to the original unlearned one

 Classical Conditioning: The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar or related response. 9-9

Terms  Conditioned Stimulus: An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.  Conditioned Response: A response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus  it occurs after the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

Principles of Classical Conditioning  Occurs in all species  Acquisition  A neutral stimulus that is consistently followed by an unconditioned stimulus will become a conditioned stimulus.

Extinction  The weakening & eventual disappearance of a learned response  It occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Wade and Tavris © 2005 Prentice Hall 9-12

 Spontaneous recovery- explains why completely eliminating a CR usually requires more than one extinction session

Higher Order Conditioning  A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus. 9-14

 May explain why some words trigger emotional response in us  Ex: Birthdays  May contribute to the formation of prejudices  Dumb Pollacks

Generalization & Discrimination  Stimulus Generalization:  After conditioning, the tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles one involved in the original conditioning.  Ex: sounds 9- 16

 Stimulus Discrimination:  The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.  Ex: difference between sounds

What is actually learned in Classical Conditioning?  To be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should precede the UCS  The CS becomes a signal for the UCS  To become a CS, the neutral stimulus, must reliably signal or predict the UCS  Examples Review Examples Review