10 The Muslim World, 600–1250 The Rise of Islam The Spread of Islam QUIT 10 CHAPTER The Muslim World, 600–1250 Chapter Overview Time Line SECTION 1 The Rise of Islam GRAPH SECTION 2 The Spread of Islam IMAGE SECTION 3 Muslim Achievement Visual Summary

HOME 10 CHAPTER The Muslim World, 600–1250 Chapter Overview Islam arises in Arabia and, through conquest, Muslims spread their empire and Muhammad’s teachings to three continents. Despite a split in the empire, its trade increases and its people prosper. In cities a variety of cultures and traditions blend, and scholarship flourishes.

10 The Muslim World, 600–1250 HOME Time Line 600 1250 CHAPTER The Muslim World, 600–1250 Time Line 762 Muslim capital moves to Baghdad. 1000s Muslim scholars, who preserved Greek medical works, share them with Europeans. 600 1250 632 Muhammad returns to Mecca after making the Hijrah to Medina. 800s Al-Khwarizmi writes the first algebra textbook. 1100s Muslim literature flourishes.

The Rise of Islam Key Idea 1 HOME 1 The Rise of Islam Key Idea The Prophet Muhammad founds the religion of Islam and helps spread its ideas throughout the Arabian Peninsula, unifying the Arabs. Islam is a powerful influence on all aspects of its followers’ lives. Overview Assessment

The Rise of Islam Overview 1 • Allah • Muhammad • Islam • Muslim HOME 1 The Rise of Islam TERMS & NAMES Overview • Allah • Muhammad • Islam • Muslim • Hijrah • Qur’an • mosque • hajj • Sunna • shari’a MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Muhammad unified the Arab people both politically and through the religion of Islam. As the world’s fastest growing major religion, Islam has a strong impact on the lives of millions today. Assessment

Events in the Life of Muhammad HOME 1 The Rise of Islam Section 1 Assessment 1. Write at least three details about each of the following categories: (1) events in the life of Muhammad; (2) beliefs of Islam; and (3) sources of authority. Islam Events in the Life of Muhammad Beliefs of Islam Sources of Authority one God, Allah; Five Pillars; rules for personal life; tolerance of Jews and Christians Allah; Qur’an; Sunna divine revelations; Hijrah to Medina; Mecca captured continued . . .

HOME 1 The Rise of Islam Section 1 Assessment 2. Explain how the beliefs and practices of Islam created unity and strength among Muslims in the 600s. THINK ABOUT • why individuals felt they were part of a community • what Muslims did to carry out the Five Pillars of Islam • how Muslims viewed the relationship between religion and politics ANSWER Possible Responses: • Fasting and making a pilgrimage to Mecca gave Muslims common experiences. • Facing Mecca to pray and giving alms reminded individuals of their membership in a community. End of Section 1

The Spread of Islam Key Idea 2 HOME 2 The Spread of Islam GRAPH Key Idea Through conquest, Muslims create an empire that stretches from Spain to India. Although the empire later splits among different groups, its people continue to speak Arabic and to maintain a lucrative Muslim trade network. Overview Assessment

The Spread of Islam Overview 2 • caliph • Umayyads • Shi’a • Sunni HOME 2 The Spread of Islam GRAPH TERMS & NAMES Overview • caliph • Umayyads • Shi’a • Sunni • Sufi • Abbasids • al-Andalus • Fatimid MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW In spite of internal conflicts, the Muslims created a huge empire that included lands on three continents. Muslims’ influence on three continents produced cultural blending that has continued into the modern world. Assessment

HOME 2 The Spread of Islam GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 1. For each group of rulers, identify the period of their rule and at least two developments that affected the growth or strength of Islam during that period. Rulers Developments in Islam Period of Rule Rightly Guided Caliphs 632-661 Spread of Islam east and west, tolerance of Jews and Christians Umayyads 661-750 Split between Sunni and Shi’a, development of Sufi movement Abbasids 750-1258 Shift of capital to Baghdad, growth of Muslim trade network continued . . .

HOME 2 The Spread of Islam GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 2. How do you think Shi’a Muslims felt about the Abbasids taking power in 750? THINK ABOUT • how the Shi’a viewed the Umayyads • where the Shi’a lived • actions of Abbasids while in power ANSWER Possible Responses: The Shi’a may have supported the Abbasids’ takeover because they found the Umayyads too worldly and because both they and the Abbasids were based in Persia. The Shi’a may have opposed the Abbasids’ worldly focus on trade and empire. continued . . .

HOME 2 The Spread of Islam GRAPH Section 2 Assessment 3. What evidence supports the conclusion that the Islamic empires were well-run? THINK ABOUT • relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims • efforts to promote trade • the role of the military ANSWER Possible Responses: Muslims’ tolerance of non-Muslims won non-Muslims’ support. Well-trained, well-led Muslim armies suggest Muslim leaders ran military affairs well. Muslims’ banks and single currency helped trade. End of Section 2

Muslim Achievement Key Idea 3 HOME 3 Muslim Achievement IMAGE Key Idea Muslim society, centered in cities, benefits from a mix of cultures and traditions. Learning flourishes in this environment, and Muslim scholars make important advances in the arts and sciences. Overview Assessment

Muslim Achievement Overview 3 • House of Wisdom • calligraphy HOME 3 Muslim Achievement IMAGE TERMS & NAMES Overview • House of Wisdom • calligraphy MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW Muslims combined and preserved the traditions of many peoples and also advanced learning in a variety of areas. Many of the ideas developed during this time became the basis of today’s scientific and academic disciplines. Assessment

growth of math and astronomy HOME 3 Muslim Achievement IMAGE Section 3 Assessment 1. The key elements of Muslim culture were science and math, urban life, arts and literature, and society. Write three aspects about each of these elements. Muslim Culture Science and Math Urban Life Arts and Literature Society House of Wisdom; medical advances; growth of math and astronomy Cities like Baghdad and Córdoba; home to learning centers; linked to other cities by trade No pictures of the prophet; calligraphy as an art form; poetry highly valued Four classes; protection of women’s legal rights; tolerance of other religions and customs continued . . .

HOME 3 Muslim Achievement IMAGE Section 3 Assessment 2. List what you consider to be the five most significant developments in scholarship and the arts during the reign of the Abbasids. THINK ABOUT • reasons for each development • immediate and practical impact • long-term significance ANSWER Possible Responses: Algebra House of Wisdom Calligraphy Astronomy Muslim architecture: Great Mosque of Damascus End of Section 3