CELLS By: Angelique

THE CELL The cell is a functional basic unit of life. Cells have all different kinds of stuff in them. For example there is Nucleus, vacuole, cytoplasm, etc.

Nucleus The nucleus is the control center. it directs all of the cell’s activities. If you look into a plant or animal cell the Nucleus is surrounded by a membrane.

Vacuole All vacuoles are filled with fluid. A vacuole is used to store stuff like water and nutrients, just like sugar and minerals. The vacuole is also used to store more stuff like waste and to move waste and excess water out of the cell.

Cell Wall The cell wall protects and supports the plant cell. Some kind of plant cells have a single wall that provides more support and strength.

Mitochondria Mitochondria, are circular or rod-shaped organelles. They are usually referred to as the power plants of cells. They provide cells With energy

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is a watery fluid that contains everything inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus. Most of the cell’s chemical activities take place in the cytoplasm.

Chromosomes Chromosomes are found inside nucleus. They contain DNA or genetic information, which holds “construction plans” for all the pieces of the cell.

Cilia A cilia are tiny hairs that work together to move a cell or to move the fluid surrounding the cell. They are not found on all of the cells.

Flagellum Only some animal cells have flagellum, or whip-like tail, that helps the cells to move. A flagellum is not found in all cells

Chloroplast They are the food factories of the Plant cell. They contain many molecules of a green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll allows plant cells to make their own food, using light from the Sun, carbon dioxide, and water. But animal cell can not do this.

Organelles The cytoplasm, the working area of a cell, contains tiny structures called organelles. many of these organelles can be seen only with a transmission electron microscope.

Ribosomes Ribosomes are very small organelles. They are so small that they appear as small fuzzy dots even when viewed with a transmission electron microscope. Ribosomes use information from the Nucleus and molecules from the cytoplasm to produce proteins. Proteins are needed for cell growth, repair, and reproduction.

Endoplasmic reticulum Is a series of folded membranes “rough” endoplasmic reticulum has many ribosomes attached to it. “smooth” endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes attached to it and is the structure where fats(lipids) are made. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum carry materials through the cytoplasm.

Golgi Apparatus Is a structure that looks like a stack of flattened balloons. This organelles stores proteins and puts them into packages called vesicles. The vesicles carry the proteins molecules to the surface of the cell, where they are released to the outside. the proteins in the vesicles vary, depending on their function.

Lysosomes They are formed by the Golgi apparatus to patrol and clean the cytoplasm. They contain special proteins that are used to break down large molecules into many smaller molecules. In humans and other animals, lysosomes play an important role in destroying harmful substances and invading bacteria that enter the cell.

Differences between plant and animal cells

Animal and plant cells Animal cell Similarities Plant cell Cell wall Cell membrane Golgi apparatus Chloroplast Vacuole membrane Raphide crystal Druse crystal Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Amyloplast Large central vacuole Rough ER Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Ribosome Golgi vesicles Cell membrane Lysosome Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Vacuole Mitochondrion Golgi body Ribosomes Smooth ER Rough ER Cytoplasm centrosome Cell membrane Mitochondrion Cytoplasm Rough ER Nucleus Nucleolus Smooth ER Ribosome Lysosome

The difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Similarities Eukaryotes DNA Nucleoid There smaller then eukaryotes They have no organelles wrapped In membranes. Plasma membrane Cytoplasm DNA Nucleoid region Ribosomes DNA Nucleus Membrane There bigger then prokaryotes They have microtubules in there flagella/cilia Nucleoid region

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