Biochemistry What is organic chemistry? What are carbohydrates? What are lipids? What are proteins? What are nucleic acids?

Special chemicals of life

Organic Chemistry ORGANIC means comes from and found in LIVING thingsORGANIC means comes from and found in LIVING things ORGANIC molecules must contain CARBON (C) and HYDROGEN (H)ORGANIC molecules must contain CARBON (C) and HYDROGEN (H) Most organic molecules have a CARBON BACKBONE (chain)Most organic molecules have a CARBON BACKBONE (chain)C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C What is so cool about carbon?What is so cool about carbon? –Carbon makes very strong bonds! –Likes to bond to ITSELF and other elements

Inorganic Molecules NOTInorganic means NOT derived from a living thing DO NOTMolecular formulas DO NOT contain both C and H at the same time Many inorganic molecules and substances that living things rely on: –Water (H 2 O) –Salt (NaCl) –Phosphate (H 3 PO 4 )

Which of these molecules is organic? 1.H 2 O 2.CH 4 3.C 6 H 12 O 6 4.CO 2 5.O 2 6.C 6 H 14 N 2 O 2 7.C 5 H 6 N 2 O 2 8.Fe 2 O 3

Macromolecules Means “Giant molecules”Means “Giant molecules” ALL BIG THINGS ARE MADE OF SMALLER THINGS RIGHT?ALL BIG THINGS ARE MADE OF SMALLER THINGS RIGHT? Four (4) types of Organic Macromolecules:Four (4) types of Organic Macromolecules: –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

Carbs: The Video Clip

Carbohydrates (SUGARS) Elements Present:Elements Present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Job (Function) in Living Things:Job (Function) in Living Things: –Main source of FOOD ENERGY Building Blocks:Building Blocks: –Called Simple sugars –Linked together to make complex (BIG) sugars –Glucose is a simple sugar –Many glucose molecules linked together makes STARCH –STARCH is a complex (BIG) sugar

Glucose structure 1 molecule of glucose

Starch structure

Lipids: The Video Clip

Lipids (Fats) Elements:Elements: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen –Mostly H and C Functions (Jobs) in Living Things:Functions (Jobs) in Living Things: –Stores energy –Parts of membranes –Chemical messengers (hormones) Identification:Identification: –Oily and greasy –VERY LONG carbon chain –Ex. Butter, oils, waxes

Protein: The Video Clip

Proteins Elements present:Elements present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Jobs (Functions) in Living Things:Jobs (Functions) in Living Things: –Control rates of reactions (ENZYMES) –Help form bones, muscles and other tissues –Transport molecules (Hemoglobin in blood)

Proteins con’t… Building blocks:Building blocks: –Called Amino Acids 20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein!20 different AA’s that can be linked to form a protein! Amino Acids are linked in any order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins!Amino Acids are linked in any order and in any number to make endless numbers of proteins! Proteins are also called POLYPEPTIDES.

Amino Acids

Molecular Structure of Proteins

Building blocks make the molecule! 1.Put Lego’s together (the building blocks) to make a macromolecule. 2.Name your protein. 3.Tell us the function (job) of your protein

Nucleic Acids Elements present:Elements present: –Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus Job (Function) in Living Things:Job (Function) in Living Things: –Store and transmit GENETIC information Identification:Identification: –Helix-shaped Two types of Nucleic Acids:Two types of Nucleic Acids: –DNA (Deoxy-ribo-Nucleic-Acid) –RNA (Ribo-Nucleic-Acid) Building BlocksBuilding Blocks –Called Nucleotides or Subunits

Nucleic Acids: The Video Clip

Let’s look closer at one nucleotide Nucleotides have 3 partsNucleotides have 3 parts PhosphatePhosphate Ribose sugarRibose sugar Nitrogen Base (1 of 4)Nitrogen Base (1 of 4) Each nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotideEach nucleotide is connected across to another nucleotide Each nucleotide is also connected to another above and belowEach nucleotide is also connected to another above and below This forms the ladder–shaped DNA or RNA moleculeThis forms the ladder–shaped DNA or RNA molecule