TAXONOMY THE SCIENCE OF CLASSIFICATION

Classification: The process of putting similar things into groups. Taxonomy: Is the science of classifying organisms.

HISTORY OF CLASSIFICATION B.C.  Aristotle (Greek Philosopher)  Created first written classification scheme  TWO Groups - Plants & Animals  Animal group - anything that lived on land, in the water or in the air.  Plant group - based this on their different stems

1500'S 'S  Many different classification systems created  Many of them really complicated  Names based on common names - This created confusion  Names also based on long scientific definitions

1700'S - CAROLS LINNAEUS - SWEDISH BIOLOGIST  established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms  Based on structural similarities of organism  Binomial Nomenclature - 2 name naming system - still in use today.  Created a system of groups called TAXA or TAXON  Each Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed  Approximately 2.5 million kinds of organisms identified

MODERN DAY LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION --- Domain Bacteria----Kingdom Eubacteria Viruses----life Domain Archaea----Kingdom Archaebacteria ----Kingdom Plantae -----Kingdom Animalia ---Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista ----Kingdom Fungi

ManBox Elder TreeBobcat Canadian lynx DomainEukarya KingdomAnimaliaPlanteaAnimalia Phylum/DivisionChordataAnthophytaChordata ClassMammalianDicotyledonaeMammalia OrderPrimatesSapindalesCarnivora FamilyHominidaeAceracaeFelidae GenusHomoAcerLynx Speciessapiensnugundorufuscanadensis

MODERN TAXONOMY The Evidence used to classify into taxon groups 1) Embryology 2) Chromosomes / DNA 3) Biochemistry 4) Physiology 5) Evolution 6) Behavior

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE Is a system of Scientific Naming using TWO NAMES FOR EVERY ORGANISM: The GENUS and the SPECIES name. IDENTIFYING ORGANISMS BY THEIR GENUS AND SPECIES NAMES IS CALLED THE BINOMIAL SYSTEM, OR BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE. ("TWO-NAME NAMING)

The system follows certain rules: 1. The scientific name must be in Greek or Latin language. This helps to accurate communicate information to other biologist around the world who use many different languages. This is done by assigning a unique two-word scientific name to each organism. (BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE) 2. The first part of the name is called the Genus and the second part of the name is called the species. 3. The Genus name refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs. 4. The SECOND part of the name is the SPECIES. (SPECIES means IDENTIFIER) The Species name is usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism.

EXAMPLE UrsusUrsus maritimus (maritime bear)maritimus

PHYLOGENETICS Study of evolutionary relationships Phylogenic tree (Family Tree)

CLADISTICS Cladistics is a system to analyze phylogeny through shared and derived characteristics.

CLADOGRAMS Molecular Cladograms Chromosome Cladograms Archeological cladograms Data table (use this to make your own cladogram) Characteristics Group of organisms Vascular tissueseedsflowers Mosses000 Ferns100 Pine trees and conifers 110 Flowering Plants111