Taxonomy Branch of Biology dealing with classification and naming of living things

Species of Organisms There are an estimated 3 to 100 million species of organisms (most agree with 11 million) This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified 2

Carolus Linnaeus aka “Father of Taxonomy” -- Based on structural similarities -- Early classification system: only 2 categories… -- Developed naming system used today (binomial nomenclature) ** Origin & Evolution video clip  27-29:19 **

Binomial Nomenclature Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens RULES  1.Write using genus and species 2.Capitalize genus, lowercase species 3.Underline OR italicize 4.H. sapiens for short (in text)

Criteria for Classification  Linnaeus used structural similarities  As technology and knowledge changed Biochemical information  DNA (genetic information), protein analysis Cytological information-cell structure Embryonic development Behavior  Linnaeus used structural similarities  As technology and knowledge changed Biochemical information  DNA (genetic information), protein analysis Cytological information-cell structure Embryonic development Behavior

Why use scientific names? -More precise/accurate -Universally accepted -Specific to organism

Chimp vs Human

Chimp Human Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Pongidae Pan troglodytes Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens

9 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related?

Taxon Levels Taxon (taxa – plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups from broadest to most specific

11 DumbDumb KingKing PhillipPhillip CameCame OverOver ForFor GooseberryGooseberry Soup!Soup!

12

13 Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon Three domainsThree domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organellesEukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains

14 Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon Three domainsThree domains Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)Archaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organellesEukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains

15 Domain: ARCHAEA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: –Thermal or Volcanic Vents (thermophiles) –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) (halophiles)

16 ARCHAEAN

17 Domain: EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

18 Live in the intestines of animals

19 Domain: Eukarya – Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…)Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants)Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)Animalia (multicellular animals)

20 Protista Most are unicellularMost are unicellular Some are multicellularSome are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophicSome are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic AquaticAquatic

21 Fungi Multicellular, except yeastMulticellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitinCell walls made of chitin

22 Plantae MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – PhotosynthesisAbsorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose

23Animalia MulticellularMulticellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animalsFeed on plants or animals

24

Taxonomic Keys Tools used to identify organisms already classified by taxonomists a.k.a. dichotomous keys Consist of a series of paired statements that describe alternative characteristics of the organism Statements describe presence or absence of a characteristic/structure

Smallmouth Bass Scientific classification Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. dolomieu Binomial name Micropterus dolomieu

Largemouth Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Centrarchidae Genus: Micropterus Species: M. salmoides Binomial name Micropterus salmoides

Striped Bass Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Perciformes Family: Moronidae Genus: Morone Species: M. saxatilis Binomial name Morone saxatilis

* The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, a member of the perch family, Percichthyidae. * The black sea bass, Centropristis striata, a member of the family Serranidae. * The giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas, also known as the black sea bass, a member of the family Polyprionidae. * The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides, more commonly known as the Patagonian toothfish. * The European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax. * The Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides * The Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieui. * The Striped bass, Morone saxatilis * The Spotted bass, Micropterus punctulatus Many species that are known as basses include:

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Unicellular

Colonial

Multicellular-specialized cells/tissues

Level of Organization: Cell  tissue  organ  Organ system  organism

Mode of nutrition Heterotroph –Absorption –Ingestion Autotroph –Photosynthetic / chemosynthetic