1. Classification of Organisms
What is the goal of biologists who classify living things?

2. Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms
This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!
New organisms are still being found and identified

3. What is Classification?
- Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities
- Classification is also known as taxonomy
- Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms

4. What is the common name of this animal?

5. Common Names

7. Binomial Nomenclature
Developed by Swedish botanist – Carolus Linnaeus
Each species assigned a two part name
1 . Written in italics
2. First word is capitalized and is organisms Genus – group of similar species
3. Second word is species – group of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

9. Dichotomous Keys
-Used to identify organisms based on visible characterstics/structures -consists of a series of paired statements/questions that describe alternative possible characteristics of an organism -statements describe presence or absence of certain visible characteristics/structures of the living organism

10. Dichotomous Keys

11. Systematics
- A way to organize living things into groups (or taxa) that have biological meaning

12. QuickLab Classifying Fruit
Look at the five different types of fruit given to your group.
Examine the structure of the fruit (external and internal)
3. Construct a table with 5 rows and 4 columns. Label each row with the name of the different fruit.
4. Examine the fruits that help you tell the fruits apart. Label the columns in your table with the names of these characteristics.
5. Record a description of each fruit in the table.
6. Based on your table, which fruits most closely resemble one another?
7. Create a dichotomous key for the different types of fruit.

13. Linnaean Classification Systems
Includes seven taxa: Species Genus Family – several organisms of the same genus that share many similarities Order – closely related families Class – similar orders Phylum – organisms that are different but share important characteristics Kingdom – includes all multicellular animals Domain

16. Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains
Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

17. Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms
Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)

18. Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular
Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
Aquatic

19. Fungi Multicellular, except yeast
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
Cell walls made of chitin

20. Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development.
Development involves many stages from conception until death.

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Animalia
Multicellular
Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
Feed on plants or animals
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23. Domain Archaea Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
Hot Springs or Geysers
that are acid (thermoacidophiles)
Very salty water
(Halophiles)

24. Domain BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
Important decomposers for environment
Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

25. Modern Evolutionary Classification
Phylogeny – evolutionary classification
Goal is to group species into larger categories that reflect lines of evolutionary descent rather than overall similarities and differences
Clades – a group of species that includes a single common ancestor and all descendents of that ancestor (living and extinct)
Monophyletic because includes a single common ancestor

26. Cladogram
- Links groups of organisms by showing how evolutionary lines branched off from common ancestors
Amnion

27. How to create a cladogram

29. Derived characters – a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants

30. Amnion
Amnion

31. Constructing a Cladogram
Identify the organism in the table that is least closely related to the others.
Use the information in the table to construct a cladogram of these animals
Backbone
Legs
hair
earthworm
Absent
absent
trout
Present
lizard
human
present

32. Constructing a Cladogram
What trait separates the least closely related animal from the other animals?
Do you have enough information to determine where a frog should be placed in the cladogram? Explain your answer.
Does your cladogram indicate that lizards and humans share a more recent common ancestor than either does with an earthworm? Explain your answer.

33. DNA in classification
Similarities and differences in DNA are used to develop hypotheses about evolutionary relationships
The more derived genetic characters two species share, the more recently they shared a common ancestor and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms
DNA is used to make relationships more accurate
Used when anatomical traits cannot provide a clear ancestor

34. 1. 2. Hair Legs Thumbs Eyes Human Snake Monkey Mouse Starfish
5 Fingered hand; claws
Fur, milk
Placenta; live birth
Retractable claws
Bear
Lion
Lizard
Platypus
Tiger
Zebra