1. CLASSIFICATION Chapter 18
Reference Text:
Modern Biology
Chapter 18 – Section 3
Two Modern Systems of Classification pgs

2. BIG IDEA
The Six Kingdom System and The Domain System are two alternate schemes for classifying life.

3. TWO MODERN SYSTEMS of Classification
Aristotle classified organisms as either plants or animals.. Linnaeus took it a step further and classified organisms into more specific groups such as class, order, family, genus and species.
Since the time of Linnaeus, scientists have discovered many new species and uncovered a wealth of information about known species.
As a result, Biologists created more than two kingdoms of living things.

4. TWO MODERN SYSTEMS of Classification
…some organisms don't quite fit into the plant or animal kingdom. As a result, several other kingdoms of organisms are now used. Today's scientists look at cell structure, how the organism moves, gets food, and reproduces to place it in the correct kingdom.
Since the time of Linnaeus, scientists have discovered many new species and uncovered a wealth of information about known species.
As a result, Biologists created more than two kingdoms of living things.

5. Six Kingdom System Three Domain System
TWO MODERN SYSTEMS of Classification
Two Current Classification Systems
Six Kingdom System
Three Domain System
Since the time of Linnaeus, scientists have discovered many new species and uncovered a wealth of information about known species.
As a result, Biologists created more than two kingdoms of living things.

6. MODERN SYSTEMS of Classification Old Five Kingdom System:
Monera include all prokaryotic organisms, which are all unicellular life forms that lack a true nucleus.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae,Animalia include all eukaryotic organisms, which are all life forms that do contain a true nucleus and various organelles.

7. MODERN SYSTEMS of Classification The NEW Six Kingdom System:
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria include all prokaryotic organisms, which are all unicellular life forms that lack a true nucleus.
Protista, Fungi, Plantae,Animalia include all eukaryotic organisms, which are all life forms that do contain a true nucleus and various organelles.

8. The six kingdoms FUNGI ANIMALIA PLANTAE PROTISTS EUBACTERIA
In the six kingdom system, the Monera are split into two separate kingdoms of Prokaryotic organisms based on important differences between them
EUBACTERIA
ARCHAEBACTERIA

9. The Three domain system
Broadest, most inclusive taxons are the Three Domains
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota
The three domain system highlights the importance of archaebacteria as a lifeform.

10. Six-Kingdom System Three-Domain System
The main criteria of grouping here is Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic
REMEMBER: These systems are not etched in stone! They have been revised over the years, and will continue to be revised when new evidence is discovered.

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Modern humans are classified as Homo sapiens.
Homo is Latin for “human”; sapiens means “wise”
Homo habilis is thought to be one of the first known ‘humans’.
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13. The Three domain system copyright cmassengale
Domain – Archaea
Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
Probably the 1st cells to evolve
Live in HARSH environments
Found in:
Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens)
Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles)
Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) – Halophiles
Chemosynthesis: use inorganic compounds to make food.
Archaebacteria that live in deep-sea vents carry out a process similar to photosynthesis. This process is called chemosynthesis.
Instead of sunlight energy, they use chemical energy to make their own food.
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14. Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA
Hot Springs
Acid mine drainage
Sulfur Springs
The Dead Sea

15. The Three domain system copyright cmassengale
Domain - Bacteria
Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
Some may cause DISEASE
Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
Important decomposers for environment
Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. (Acidophilus).
Eubacteria (formerly within Monera) are unicellular prokaryotic organisms. These bacteria include all other types of bacteria, including disease causing varieties as well as many harmless types.
These "true" bacteria (prefix eu meaning true) are found practically in all the environments. In fact, it is difficult to name any place where eubacteria are not found.
When people talk about ‘bacteria’ they are usually talking about this group.
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Kingdom - EUBACTERIA
One type of bacteria, the blue-green bacteria, contains chlorophyll.
Blue-green bacteria are unusual because they can carry out photosynthesis.
The process of photosynthesis carried out by bacteria is similar to the photosynthesis in plants.
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17. Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

18. The Three domain system copyright cmassengale
Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms:
Protista (protozoans, algae…)
Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
Plantae (multicellular plants)
Animalia (multicellular animals)
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19. The Three domain system copyright cmassengale
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Most are unicellular
Some are multi-cellular
Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic
Aquatic
The kingdom Protista consists of another group of simple organisms.
They are different from bacteria because they have nuclei in their cells.
Protista include both eukaryotic unicellular and eukaryotic multicellular organisms.
Protists come in all shapes and sizes. Some have only one cell. Others have more than one cell.
Some protists carry out photosynthesis. Others must take in food to get energy.
Protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Protists are found in aquatic or damp environments.
The Protozians (proto meaning “first” and zoa meaning “animal”) are either free-living or parasitic.
Scientists think that Protists probably gave rise to all other eukaryotic organisms
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20. The Three domain system copyright cmassengale
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protista
Fungus Like – made of threadlike fibers
The three main groups of protists are the protozoans, the algae, and the slime molds.
The kingdom Protista consists of another group of simple organisms.
Animal Like – move around and eat other organisms
Plant Like – contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
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21. The Three domain system
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Fungi
Multicellular, except yeast
Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)
Cell walls made of chitin
Fungi are not plants. They do not have chlorophyll in their cells.
However, each of their cells does have a nucleus and other cell parts. They also have specialized cells.

22. The Three domain system
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Multicellular
Autotrophic (except for carnivorous plants)
Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis
Cell walls made of cellulose
Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development.
DThe Plantae are all eukaryotic, multicellular autotrophic organisms.
Plant cells contain chlorophyll within chloroplasts, which are needed for the production of food (glucose) through photosynthesis.
Plants have a life cycle that includes a sexually reproducing generation and an asexually reproducing generation; this is known as alternation of generations.
evelopment involves many stages from conception until death.

23. Mosses
Liverworts
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Ferns

24. The Three domain system
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Multicellular
Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)
Feed on plants or animals
Most animals reproduce only sexually, although some animals do reproduce asexually (parthenogenesis).
Parthenogenisis is a form of reproduction in which the ovum develops into a new individual without fertilization. All offspring produced by some types are identical in all inherited respects to the mother.
Natural parthenogenesis has been observed in many lower animals, especially insects.

25. The Three domain system
Kingdom
Cell Type
Nutrition
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
Unicellular
Both autotroph and heterotroph
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Both
Eukarya
Protists
Eukaryote
Fungi
Heterotroph
Plantae
Multicellular
Autotrophic (mostly)
Animalia
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26. Methanogens, Thermophiles, Acidophilles

27. The six kingdoms

28. The VIRUS – IS IT ALIVE? Characteristics Cell Virus Growth yes No
Homeostasis
Yes
Metabolism
Mutation
Yes; necessary for its survival
Genetic Material
DNA, RNA
Reproduction
Yes by mitosis
*Yes; but only possible when inside a host cell
Structure
Cytoplasm, membrane bound organelles, nucleus

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30. Dichotomous key
Biologists have developed a precise method to help them classify and identify unknown organisms. The classification tool called a dichotomous key
Used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in pairs
Read both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organism

31. Dichotomous key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
Each dichotomous key is composed of a list of observable, altering characteristics that leads, step-by-step, to the correct identification of the organism.
The term dichotomous means “dividing in two” and refers to the fact that there are always two choices to pick from at every step.
At each step, one of the two descriptions is eliminated, which

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