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Franseco Redi Designed one of the first controlled experiments. Helped to disprove spontaneous generation by proving that maggots do not spontaneously.

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Presentation on theme: "Franseco Redi Designed one of the first controlled experiments. Helped to disprove spontaneous generation by proving that maggots do not spontaneously."— Presentation transcript:

1 Franseco Redi Designed one of the first controlled experiments. Helped to disprove spontaneous generation by proving that maggots do not spontaneously arise from rotting meat, but come from the eggs that flies lay on the meat. His experiment: placed meat in different jars. He covered one completely, another one he left uncovered, and a third he covered with gauze. Flies only appeared on the meat in the open jar. Conclusion: flies laid eggs on the meat

2 Louis Pasteur Designed another controlled experiment to finally disprove spontaneous generation. Experiment- put clear broth in flasks with curved necks. The necks let in the air, but kept out bacteria. He boiled the broth to kill all the bacteria present. He broke the curved neck off of some of the flasks and left some alone (control). Bacteria grew in the broken neck flasks, but not the other one. CONCLUSION- new bacteria could only come from existing bacteria.

3 http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/scientificmethod.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/ani mations/content/scientificmethod.html

4 Classifying Life Unit 2 Ch. 5 Lesson 2 (pp168-175)

5 Why Do Biologists Classify Life? -Over 1 million organisms have been identified by scientists. More keep being discovered. -Classification- the process of grouping things based on similarities. -Biologists use classification to organize living things into groups so that organisms are easier to study. -Taxonomy is the scientific study of how organisms are classified. useful because once an organism is classified a lot of information is known about the organism.

6 The Naming System of Linnaeus Carolus Linnaeus created a system of naming organisms in the 1730’s Binomial Nomenclature (“two word”) -Organisms are placed into groups based on observable features and given a unique two part scientific name. -Genus and Species -Genus is the first word in the scientific name -contains similar, closely related organisms -Species is the second word in the scientific name -group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring. -often describes a distinctive feature of the organism

7 Using Binomial Nomenclature -Scientific name is written in italics -only first letter of first word (genus) is capitalized -written in Latin -makes it easy for scientists to communicate around the world because everyone uses the same scientific name.

8 8 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

9 Scientific Name Genus species Felis concolor – AKA cougar, panther, puma, mountain lion The second word tells something about the species: – What it looks like, where it is found, or who discovered it

10 10 Rules for Naming Organisms The International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organismsThe International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)All names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress) This prevents duplicated namesThis prevents duplicated names copyright cmassengale

11 What are the Levels of Classification? The Major Levels of Classification – Starts with the largest/broadest group and breaks down into smaller/more specific groups. Classification Levels – Domain (Eukarya or Prokarya) – Kingdom (Animal, plant, archeabacteria, Eubacteria, Protist, Fungus) – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species the more classification levels two organisms share, the more characteristics they have in common and the more closely they are related.

12 12 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

13 Three Domains of Life Bacteria and Archaea are unicellular organisms that have no nucleus. Organisms with cells that contain nuclei are called Eukarya. Domains and Kingdoms

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16 16copyright cmassengale

17 How are Taxonomic Keys (Dichotomous Keys) Useful? Taxonomic keys (Dichotomous Keys) are useful to help determine the identity of an organism -consists of several paired statements that describe the various physical characteristics of different organisms

18 Classifying Life Identifying Organisms The six paired statements in this taxonomic key describe physical characteristics of different organisms.

19 Dichotomous Keys 1a. Organism has 4 legsGo to # 2 1b. Organism has more than 4 legsGo to # 20 2a. Organism has a tailGo to # 3 2b. Organism has no tailGo to # 35 3a. Organism has stripesBengal Tiger 3b. Organism has no stripesAfrican Lion

20 Dichotomous Key Try this one: 1a. Organism walks on all 4 legs (quadruped)2 1b. Organism walks on 2 legs (biped)8 2a. Organism has visible fur3 2b. Organism has no visible fur20 3a. Organism lives in warm climates7 3b. Organism lives in cold climates4 4a. Organism has brown or black furUrsus americanus 4b. Organism has white furUrsus maritimus

21 21 Example of Dichotomous Key 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1a Tentacles present – Go to 2 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 1b Tentacles absent – Go to 3 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 2b More than 8 tentacles – 3 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 4 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 3b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5 copyright cmassengale

22 The Six Kingdoms pp. 26-27 of notes

23 23 Broadest, most inclusive taxonBroadest, most inclusive taxon Three domainsThree domains Archaeabacteria and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)Archaeabacteria and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Bacteria are ProkaryotesBacteria are Prokaryotes Eukaryotes are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organellesEukaryotes are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane- bound organelles Domains copyright cmassengale

24 24 ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: –Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) –Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid ( Acidophiles ) –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) – ( Halophiles) copyright cmassengale

25 25 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

26 26 BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

27 27 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

28 28 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…)Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants)Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

29 29 Protista Most are unicellularMost are unicellular Some are multicellularSome are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophicSome are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic AquaticAquatic copyright cmassengale

30 30 Fungi Multicellular, except yeastMulticellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitinCell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

31 31 Plantae MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – PhotosynthesisAbsorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

32 32 Domain Eukarya is Divided into 4 Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…)Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants)Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals)Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

33 33 Protista Most are unicellularMost are unicellular Some are multicellularSome are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophicSome are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic AquaticAquatic copyright cmassengale

34 34 Fungi Multicellular, except yeastMulticellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it)Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitinCell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale

35 35 Plantae MulticellularMulticellular AutotrophicAutotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – PhotosynthesisAbsorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of celluloseCell walls made of cellulose copyright cmassengale

36 36 Animalia MulticellularMulticellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies)Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animalsFeed on plants or animals copyright cmassengale

37 37copyright cmassengale

38 38copyright cmassengale

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