Chapter 17 Organizing Life’s Diversity

Classification The grouping of objects or information based on similiarities The grouping of objects or information based on similiarities

Taxonomy Science of classification Science of classification 1 st classification system was done by Aristotle (Greek Philosopher). 1 st classification system was done by Aristotle (Greek Philosopher).

Aristotle’s Classification Animals were classified as to where they lived. Animals were classified as to where they lived. Land dewellers Land dewellers Water dewellers Water dewellers Air dewellers Air dewellers Plants were classified as the following Plants were classified as the following Herbs Herbs Shrubs Shrubs Trees Trees

Carolus Linnaeus Swedish naturalist formulated a system called Binomial Nomenclature Swedish naturalist formulated a system called Binomial Nomenclature Two word naming system (all organisms given scientific names Two word naming system (all organisms given scientific names Consists of the genus & species Consists of the genus & species Latin Words / Italicized Latin Words / Italicized Ex. Ex. Man = Homo(Genus) sapien(Species) Man = Homo(Genus) sapien(Species) Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species) Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species)

Scientific Naming

7 Basic Taxa for Classification Kingdom – Largest grouping 6 Kingdom – Largest grouping 6 Phylum – subgroup of kingdom Phylum – subgroup of kingdom Class – subgroup of phylum Class – subgroup of phylum Order – subgroup of class Order – subgroup of class Family – subgroup of order Family – subgroup of order Genus – subgroup of family Genus – subgroup of family Species – subgroup of species Species – subgroup of species

Example: Man Kingdom – Animalia Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata – backbone like structure Phylum – Chordata – backbone like structure Class – Mammalia – female produce milk for their young Class – Mammalia – female produce milk for their young Order – Primate – stand upright Order – Primate – stand upright Family – Homindae – manlike structure Family – Homindae – manlike structure Genus – Homo – true man Genus – Homo – true man Species – sapien - wise Species – sapien - wise

Classification Taxonomy

Organisms are classified by: 1. Structural similarities 1. Structural similarities 2. Embryological Evidence 2. Embryological Evidence 3. Genetic Similarities (chromosomes) 3. Genetic Similarities (chromosomes) 4. Biochemical 4. Biochemical 5. Geographical distribution 5. Geographical distribution

How do you classify?

17.2 The Six Kingdoms Evolutionary Relationships Evolutionary Relationships Phylogenetic Classification Phylogenetic Classification Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary history of species Phylogeny – shows the evolutionary history of species Models Models Cladogram – model of the phylogeny of a species Cladogram – model of the phylogeny of a species Fanlike – includes both Earth’s geologic time and the probable evolution of organisms during the timespan Fanlike – includes both Earth’s geologic time and the probable evolution of organisms during the timespan

Cladograms

Six Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria – ex. Bacteria 1. Archaebacteria – ex. Bacteria Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Unicellular Unicellular Autotrophic & heterotrophic Autotrophic & heterotrophic The oldest fossil is 3.5 billion years ago The oldest fossil is 3.5 billion years ago Live in extreme environments (swamp, bottom of ocean) Live in extreme environments (swamp, bottom of ocean)

Archaebacteria

Six Kingdoms 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria (blue green aglae) 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria (blue green aglae) 10,000 species 10,000 species Live everywhere except extreme environments Live everywhere except extreme environments Single cell (unicellular) Single cell (unicellular) Autotrophs & heterotrophic Autotrophs & heterotrophic Microscopic Microscopic

Bacteria

Six Kingdoms 3. Kingdom Protista – ex. Amoeba, algae 3. Kingdom Protista – ex. Amoeba, algae Single cell or multicellular Single cell or multicellular Aquatic (water) Aquatic (water) Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Heterotrophic & autotrophic Heterotrophic & autotrophic Amoeba

Six Kingdoms 4. Kingdom Fungi – ex. Mold, mushroom 4. Kingdom Fungi – ex. Mold, mushroom Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Multicellular and Unicellular Multicellular and Unicellular Terrestrial Terrestrial Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Cell wall contains chitin Cell wall contains chitin

Six Kingdoms 5. Kingdom Plantae (plants) 5. Kingdom Plantae (plants) Autotrophic Autotrophic Multicellular Multicellular Terrestrial (land) (mostly) Terrestrial (land) (mostly) Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Cell wall make of cellulose Cell wall make of cellulose

Six Kingdoms 6. Kingdom Animalia – ex. Dog, giraffe 6. Kingdom Animalia – ex. Dog, giraffe Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Multicellular Multicellular Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Aquatic & Terrestrial Aquatic & Terrestrial Mobile Mobile