The Growth of European Nation States 1500s-1600s

Exploration and Colonization Portuguese – Henry the Navigator – Diaz, da Gama, Cabral – Southern Atlantic, Africa, India New Technologies – Magnetic compass, astrolabe, new sails/vessels

Exploration and Colonization Spanish – Columbus – Magellan – Cortes - Aztecs – Pizarro – Incas Gold and silver Columbian Exchange

Exploration and Colonization Low Countries rebel against Philip II – – Calvinist – Prosperous Spanish Netherlands (Belgium)/United Provinces (Holland) Defeat of Spanish Armada (1588)

Exploration and Colonization Thirty Years’ War runs concurrently with this era Austria gains Bohemia, Hungary, and Transylvania after defeating Suleiman the Magnificent

Exploration and Colonization Russia – Czars used influence with Mongols to consolidate power – Ivan the Terrible (r ) Limited the power of the boyars Civil war after his death – Romanov dynasty established in 1613 – Peter the Great (r ) Expanded power of the state Modernized/Westernized St. Petersberg

Exploration and Colonization Brandenburg – Gained independence as a result of a weakened Hapsburg dynasty – Hohenzollern dynasty Frederick William (r ) Autocratic rule – Junkers established autocratic rule in Prussia

Absolutism in France Francis I (r ) – Valois rival to HRE Charles V – Instituted taille (direct tax on land a property) – Concordat of Bologna Effectively nationalized the French Church

Absolutism in France Henry II (r ) – Persecuted Huguenots Continued under Francis II and Charles IX Ended with Edict of Toleration – Catherine de Medici – regent

Absolutism in France Henry of Navarre – Huguenot – Converts and becomes Henry IV (r ) – Edict of Nantes Religious freedom – Reformed tax collection system

Absolutism in France Regency of Louis XIII – Cardinal Richelieu Centralized government Encouraged commerce Increased tax base Intendant system – Officials answer only to the king Diminished power of the nobility

Absolutism in France Regency of Louis XIV – Cardinal Mazarin War of the Fronde ( ) – Nobility sought to limit the power of the monarch Louis comes of age – “L’Etat, c’est moi.”

Absolutism in France Three Estates – Clergy (1%) – Nobility (3-4%) – Bourgeoisie, artisans, urban workers, peasants Extravagance of Versailles – Captive nobility Edict of Nantes revoked

Constitutionalism in England Henry VII (r ) – Tudor – Strong central government – Beholden to Parliament

Constitutionalism in England Henry VIII (r ) Edward VI (r ) – 10 years old, frail health – Regency – Book of Common Prayer

Constitutionalism in England Bloody Mary Tudor (r ) – Catholic, married to Philip II – Burned Protestants

Constitutionalism in England Elizabeth I (r ) Reestablished the English Reformation Privateers Ordered execution of Mary Stuart Expanded Navy – Sir Francis Drake – Defeated Spanish Armada Golden Age of Literature – Shakespeare, Spenser, Donne, Marlowe, Bacon

Constitutionalism in England Stuart Dynasty ( ) – James I (r ) Absolutist – Gunpowder Plot Addled Parliament (1614) – Parliament argued that taxes could only be raised with its consent – James dissolved it

Constitutionalism in England Charles I (r ) – Absolutist – Petition of Right (1628) – Bishops’ War ( ) – Long Parliament ( ) Start of the English Civil War

English Civil War Roundheads – Middle class, merchants, major cities, small segment of nobility Cavaliers – Anglican clergy, majority of the nobility, peasants

English Civil War 1643 – Roundheads ally with Scotland – Charles calls on Irish Catholics for help 1644 – Oliver Cromwell – New Model Army – Battle of Marston Moor

English Civil War 1645 – Charles surrenders to Scots 1647 – Charles turned over to Parliament 1648 – Cromwell victorious – Rump Parliament – Charles beheaded

English Civil War 1649 – Commonwealth – Irish Question – Cromwell as Lord Protector Dies in 1658 Son can’t maintain power – Charles II restored

Stuart Restoration Cavalier Parliament ( ) – Tories – nobles, gentry, Anglicans Favored monarchy and Anglicanism – Whigs – middle class and Puritans Favored Parliament and religious toleration Whig Parliament – Suspicious of Charles II’s pro-Catholic tendencies – Passed Habeas Corpus Act

Glorious Revolution James II (r ) – Devout Catholic – Very unpopular 1688 – nobles invited William of Orange, husband of James’ oldest daughter, Mary to take the throne English Bill of Rights