SOUND CHANGES IN CIREBONESE By Didi Sukyadi Sri Wulandari UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA

Background: Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both Sundanese and Javanese Cirebonese is seen as a dialect by both Sundanese and Javanese Not all Cirebonese understand Javanese and Sundanese Not all Cirebonese understand Javanese and Sundanese Cirebonese prefer to identify themselves as Cirebonese not Sundanese or Javanese Cirebonese prefer to identify themselves as Cirebonese not Sundanese or Javanese Cirebonese want to create their own dialect Cirebonese want to create their own dialect

Cirebonese has carried out Cirebonese Language Congress in 2007 carried out Cirebonese Language Congress in 2007 established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra Cerbon established Lembaga Basa lan Sastra Cerbon already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon” already had “Kamus Bahasa Cirebon” literary works such as Purwaka Caruban Nagari, Serat Catur Kanda literary works such as Purwaka Caruban Nagari, Serat Catur Kanda is taught at schools is taught at schools

Is Cirebonese a Language? Language changes Language changes Does Cirebonese change? Does Cirebonese change? If we can prove that Cirebonese changes, then we prove that it is a language If we can prove that Cirebonese changes, then we prove that it is a language

Study Objectives Study Objectives (1) Identify sound changes in Cirebonese (2) Show that Cirebonese behaves as other languages

Methodology Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic text “Serat Catur Kanda” Corpus: Taken from Cirebonese classic text “Serat Catur Kanda” Number of data: 587 Cirebonese words experiencing changes Number of data: 587 Cirebonese words experiencing changes Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 and Murray, 1996). Theoretical Framework: (Crowley, 1997 and Murray, 1996).

Findings Changes in Cirebonese: Changes in Cirebonese: - loss of affixes, - vowel deletion, - consonant omission, - sound change in vowel, - sound change in consonant, - omission of infix, - change of particle /–ing/ to /e/, - omission of double nasalization, - borrowing, - word breaking - insertion.

Types of Changes Aphaeresis Aphaeresis Syncope Syncope Apocope Apocope Lenition Lenition Fortition Fortition Assimilation Assimilation Fusion Fusion Epenthesis Epenthesis Borrowing Borrowing Word breaking Word breaking

Vowel Deletion Aphaeresis Aphaeresis Syncope Syncope

Aphaeresis The dropping of initial segments The dropping of initial segments OCMCIndonesianEnglish amaosmaosmembacaread akersakersasukalike atampitampinerimareceive asangetsangetsangatvery anarosnarosnanyaask

Syncope The loss of segments in the middle of the words resulting in consonant clusters The loss of segments in the middle of the words resulting in consonant clusters OCMCIndonesianEnglish karikilkrikilkerikilstone nyalondhonylondhobersandarlying sambaranisembrani (sejenis kuda) type of a horse kulawerklawermenjuntaidangle malaratmlaratmiskinpoor

Syncope (not resulting in consonant cluster) OCMCIndonesianEnglish wiangsulanwangsulanwangsulan change (money)

Consonant deletion Aphaeresis: the dropping of initial sound Aphaeresis: the dropping of initial sound OCMCIndonesianEnglish hiya ikuyaikuyaitu that is hibrahimibrahimibrahimAbraham hamaksa-maksa maksa- maksamemaksaforce

Consonant deletion Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of words Syncope: the loss of segments at the middle of words OCMCIndonesianEnglish priyatinpriatinprihatinconcerned tinekantekadatangarrive tuwanngungjungituanngunjungituanmengunjungisirvisit

Consonant deletion Apocope: the dropping of final sound Apocope: the dropping of final sound OCMCIndonesianEnglish ragangragabadanbody tampim jatine tampi jatine terima namanya receive the name tinekantekatibaarrive

Lenition (weakening) OCMC k (stop) h (continuants) mustakilmukamadwakyumustahilmuhamadwahyu n (voiced) s (voiceless) nabansaban

Assimilation: one sound causes another to be more similar to each other OCMC b (voiced, bilabial stop) g (voiced, velar, stop) mang buri bawa meng guri gawa ng (voiced, nasal, velar) n (voiced, nasal, alveolar) kangjengkanjeng

Fusion OCMCIndonesianEnglish hiya iku yaikuyakni that is Two separate words became a single word

Fortition Strengthening: continuants to stops, voiceless to voiced Strengthening: continuants to stops, voiceless to voiced OCMC marebesbrebes m (cont) b (stop) kilirkidir l (cont) d (stop)

Fortition: strengthening Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid vowel) Vowel /a/: (back/low vowel) __ /e/ (front/mid vowel) kapatenkepatendeath mangkomengkolater satutugesetutugefinished sagara atawa segara utawiseaor

Fortition: strengthening U ____ i wus wis (back – front) U ____ i wus wis (back – front)

Syncope: the loss of infix –in- and –um- No.Old CireboneseModern Cirebonese 1.pinandhitapandhita 2.pinituturanpituturan 3.sinebutsebut 4.kumawulakawula 5.dhumugidhugi 6.jumenengejenenge 7.tumulustulus 8.tumulituli/toli

Apocope: Loss of -ning/ -ing and changes to e No.Old CireboneseModern Cirebonese 1.salaminingsalame ning 2.wekasingwekas ing/ wekase 3.marganingmargane 4.jenengeningjenenge 5.ganjaraningganjarane 6.adhatingadate 7.kahormataningkehormatane 8.lamininglamine

Aphaeresis: Loss of double nasals No.Old CireboneseModern Cirebonese 1.sukaning ngatisukaning ati 2.yen norayen ora 3.ning ngendhining endhi 4.kang ngujarkang ujar 5.mung nganamung ana 6.jaman nakirjaman ahir/ jaman akir 7.kang ngesthukang esthu 8.ning ngarabning arab 9.boten najengboten ajeng

Borrowing hanyaturmaturhaturSundanese panitipenitipenitiIndonesian nagaranegaranegaraIndonesian ningali melihatSundanese sagarasegaralautSundanese anomenommudaSundanese jangjijanjijanjiIndonesian sakabehsekabehsemuaSundanese kalangkungkelangkungkelewatSundanese

Word Breaking: -Ira/ -nira, from the word sira Vowel sira: KV Consonant ira: VK No.Old CireboneseModern Cirebonese 1.dheniradhen ira (you) 2.salaminirasalame sira (your regards) 3.namaniranamine sira (your name) 4.sedulurirasedulur ira (your relative) 5.pakanirapakan ira (your food) 6.praciptanirapraciptane sira (before your conception) 7.karepirakarep ira/ karepe sira (your willingness) 8.sakwasanirasekwasane sira (as your ability)

Addition Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two consonants Epenthesis: addition of vowels to break up two consonants 1.pyambakpiyambeksendiriAlone 2.jrojerodalaminside 3.pracayapercayapercayabelieve 4.sapratigansepertiganesepertiganya one third 5.rijkirejekirejekiwealth

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