1. Chapter 7: Historical Linguistics
They said ‘what’ ?

2. Language Change
[....]g fæder, þu þe on heofonum eardast, geweorðad wuldres dreame AD
Oure fader that art in heuenis halowid be thi name
Our father which art in heauen, hallowed be thy name (KJV)
Our Father in Heaven, let your holy name be known (Condon)

3. Nature of Change Systematic Invisible Rule governed Unconscious
Gradual

4. Causes of Change Ease of Articulation Analogy & Reanalysis
Language Contact
Social Factors

5. Sound Change: Part I Assimilation Place/manner of articulation
Kick+pst = [kkt] vs. can +pst =[knd]
Palatalization/affrication
[s]  [s]
Nasalization
[sng]  [s]

6. Sound Change : Part II Dissimilation Weakening & Deletion
Epenthesis
[gana]  [ganda] Old  Mid English
Metathesis
[]  []
Weakening & Deletion
≈ all vowels turn to []…
Consonant Strengthening

7. Morpho-Syntatic Change
Word  affix
Affix  Ø
Folk etymology
Hamburger  Fishburger
Word order shift

8. Lexio-Semantic Change
Organic development
Borrowing
Loss

9. Reconstruction Does anyone know how we got here?!? Indo-European
Germanic
Old English (450 – 1066) Beowulf
Middle English (1066 – 1500) Chaucer
Modern English (1500 – ??) Shakespeare
World Englishes…

10. Exercises 1: Do enough to get the point
2, 3: Write the rules anyway you can
6, 10

11. Tomorrow
Read Chapter 11
First Language Acquisition