First Aid Dr. Rania Mohsen

First aid is the initial care given to an injured person. First aid is the initial care given to an injured person. It must start immediately when the injury or illness occurs and continue until medical help arrives or the casualty recovers. It must start immediately when the injury or illness occurs and continue until medical help arrives or the casualty recovers. It consists of life-saving techniques that are performed with minimal equipment. It consists of life-saving techniques that are performed with minimal equipment.

The First aider First aid is based on knowledge, training and skill. First aid is based on knowledge, training and skill. If you're present at the scene of an accident, or during a medical emergency, you will be the First Aider If you're present at the scene of an accident, or during a medical emergency, you will be the First Aider

Assess the situation Take control of your feelings, don't act impulsively. Look for continuing danger, to the casualties and to yourself. Look for continuing danger, to the casualties and to yourself. Decide rapidly whether to call for emergency help. Decide rapidly whether to call for emergency help.

Assess the casualties A quiet casualty may be an indication that the person is unconscious. Quiet casualties should always be your first priority. Treatment of casualties is according to severity of injury. Treatment of casualties is according to severity of injury. Check response by asking casualties whether they are all right. Check response by asking casualties whether they are all right. Check airway and breathing Check airway and breathing

If a casualty isn't breathing, ask somebody to call the emergency immediately and give 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths. If a casualty isn't breathing, ask somebody to call the emergency immediately and give 30 chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths. Continue this sequence until emergency help arrives or the casualty starts to show some response (V) Continue this sequence until emergency help arrives or the casualty starts to show some response (V)(V)

Further assistance to casualties Aim to give all casualties early and effective help. Aim to give all casualties early and effective help. Arrange for casualties to be taken to hospital where necessary. Arrange for casualties to be taken to hospital where necessary. Remain with casualty until help arrives Remain with casualty until help arrives Prevent cross-infection between yourself and the casualty Prevent cross-infection between yourself and the casualty Take care of casualty's possessions and ensure they accompany the casualty to hospital Take care of casualty's possessions and ensure they accompany the casualty to hospital

The quickest way of obtaining emergency medical treatment is to take the person by car to the nearest hospital The quickest way of obtaining emergency medical treatment is to take the person by car to the nearest hospital BUT DO NOT attempt to move the victim if, The person has a suspected back injury or any injury that necessitates moving on a stretcher. The person has a suspected back injury or any injury that necessitates moving on a stretcher. If you are alone and the person needs supervision because he is very distressed or unconscious. If you are alone and the person needs supervision because he is very distressed or unconscious. In general the main goals of first aid are: Life preservation, Prevention of more deterioration, Promotion of recovery

Accidents Examination Of The Field: A general look on the field may give you a rapid and clear diagnosis. –A person lying below a high tree or a building may suffer from fractures or internal bleeding due to falling from a high altitude. –A person lying crushed on the road may indicate a traffic accident. –An accident in a factory or laboratory may be due to suffocation, poisoning, burning or electric injuries. –At fields, deserts or camps may be due to animals' bite.

History Taking: A brief history can be taken from the victim himself if he is conscious and talking will not worsen his condition. Bystanders can also give beneficial information concerning the cause of the accident. During history taking you MUST NOT: Push the victim to do additional effort. Push the victim to do additional effort. Let the bystanders to describe unnecessary details that may confuse you and waste time. Let the bystanders to describe unnecessary details that may confuse you and waste time. Ask about unnecessary personal details and keep the secrecy of the victim. Ask about unnecessary personal details and keep the secrecy of the victim.

3- General Examination: First of all you must respect the victim's humanity and consider the general ethical rules and social traditions. First of all you must respect the victim's humanity and consider the general ethical rules and social traditions. Uncovering the victim must not be in front of the audience specially if the victim is a female. Uncovering the victim must not be in front of the audience specially if the victim is a female. Clothing is first removed from the sound arm or leg and then very carefully from the injured one. Clothing is first removed from the sound arm or leg and then very carefully from the injured one.

First Aid ABCs If a victim is unconscious, your first priority is to check that their Airway (A) is open, that they are Breathing (B), and that they have a pulse or other signs of Circulation (C), such as movement, crying, or coughing If a victim is unconscious, your first priority is to check that their Airway (A) is open, that they are Breathing (B), and that they have a pulse or other signs of Circulation (C), such as movement, crying, or coughing

Check Airway: 1- If victim is facedown, gently roll victim onto their back: 1- If victim is facedown, gently roll victim onto their back: Place one hand on the back of victim's neck and other on hip, and gently roll victim over onto back. If back or neck injuries suspected, ask aid of others to keep victim's head, neck, and back aligned as you roll victim over.

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2- Open victim's airway using head-tilt (even if you suspect back or neck injury): Keep airway opened using the “head tilt- chin lift” technique. As in the unconscious person, tongue will fall back and obstruct the airway. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently push down. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. [ V] V

3- Check for Breathing and Circulation: With victim's airway open, look, listen, and feel for breathing for 5-10 seconds by placing your cheek near victim's mouth and watching for chest to rise and fall. Check for signs of circulation, such as movement, groaning, or coughing. If victim is not breathing but has signs of circulation, go to rescue breathing. If victim is not breathing and has no signs of circulation, go to CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary- Resuscitation).

Rescue Breathing If adult stops breathing but still has signs of circulation, Call for medical help, Call for medical help, Then begin rescue breathing. If child or infant stops breathing but has signs of circulation, perform rescue breathing for 2 minutes before calling for medical help then resume rescue breathing. Then begin rescue breathing. If child or infant stops breathing but has signs of circulation, perform rescue breathing for 2 minutes before calling for medical help then resume rescue breathing.

A- In Infants: Place your mouth over infant's nose and mouth & give 2 gentle puffs. Place your mouth over infant's nose and mouth & give 2 gentle puffs. If no exchange of air, reposition infant's head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for breathing and circulation for no more than 10 seconds. If no exchange of air, reposition infant's head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for breathing and circulation for no more than 10 seconds.

If victim remains unconscious and if there are signs of circulation but no breathing, continue giving 1 breath every 3 seconds. If victim remains unconscious and if there are signs of circulation but no breathing, continue giving 1 breath every 3 seconds. If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, go to CPR. (V) If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, go to CPR. (V)V)

In Children or Adults (mouth-to- mouth breathing): Pinch victim's nose closed with your fingers, and place your mouth over their mouth. Pinch victim's nose closed with your fingers, and place your mouth over their mouth. Give 2 full, slow breaths, each lasting 1 to 1.5 seconds. After each breath, pull your mouth away and allow victim's lungs to deflate. Give 2 full, slow breaths, each lasting 1 to 1.5 seconds. After each breath, pull your mouth away and allow victim's lungs to deflate. If no exchange of air, reposition victim's head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for breathing and circulation for no more than 10 seconds. If no exchange of air, reposition victim's head and retry. Look, listen, and feel for breathing and circulation for no more than 10 seconds. If victim remains unconscious and if there are signs of circulation but no breathing continue giving one breathe every seconds for adult. If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, go to CPR. (V) If victim remains unconscious and if there are signs of circulation but no breathing continue giving one breathe every seconds for adult. If there is no breathing or signs of circulation, go to CPR. (V)(V)

CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary-Resuscitation): If the victim is not breathing and has no signs of circulation, then begin CPR. In Infants: Place two of your fingers on the breastbone just below the nipple line. Place two of your fingers on the breastbone just below the nipple line. Your other hand on the infant's forehead to keep the head tilted back and the airway open. Your other hand on the infant's forehead to keep the head tilted back and the airway open. Using your two fingers, give 30 chest compressions, compressing the chest about 5-1 inch each time. [V] Using your two fingers, give 30 chest compressions, compressing the chest about 5-1 inch each time. [V][V]

With the infant's head tilted back, cover the infant's mouth and nose with your mouth and give two gentle breaths. With the infant's head tilted back, cover the infant's mouth and nose with your mouth and give two gentle breaths. Repeat these Steps about four more times, which should take about 2 minutes. Repeat these Steps about four more times, which should take about 2 minutes. Recheck for signs of circulation and breathing. If infant does not have signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, continue CPR until medical help arrives. Recheck for signs of circulation and breathing. If infant does not have signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, continue CPR until medical help arrives.

In Child or Adult:. [v] [v] Place your hand on the breastbone midway between the nipples. Place your hand on the breastbone midway between the nipples. Use the heel of just one hand for a child, and place other hand on child's forehead. For adult, place other hand on top of hand that is positioned on breastbone. Use the heel of just one hand for a child, and place other hand on child's forehead. For adult, place other hand on top of hand that is positioned on breastbone. Align your shoulder(s) above your hand(s) and straighten your elbow(s), using the weight of your upper body to do chest compression Align your shoulder(s) above your hand(s) and straighten your elbow(s), using the weight of your upper body to do chest compression Perform 30 compressions. Count aloud at a steady and fast pace to achieve this rate. Perform 30 compressions. Count aloud at a steady and fast pace to achieve this rate.

With victim's head tilted back, pinch victim's nose, place your mouth over victim's mouth, and give 2 breaths for an adult or child. With victim's head tilted back, pinch victim's nose, place your mouth over victim's mouth, and give 2 breaths for an adult or child. Repeat Steps 4-5 five times. This should take about 2 minutes. Repeat Steps 4-5 five times. This should take about 2 minutes. Recheck for signs of circulation and breathing. Recheck for signs of circulation and breathing. If victim does not have signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, continue CPR until the victim's signs of circulation and breathing return or until medical help arrives If victim does not have signs of circulation and does not begin breathing, continue CPR until the victim's signs of circulation and breathing return or until medical help arrives

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