Nationalism The Unification of European Nations Or The Road to World War One

Nationalism Nationalism is defined as pride in one’s country One of the results of Napoleonic era was a sense of nationalism or being connected to one’s homeland

Nationalism –Strong feelings for one’s country. –People who share a common language, history heritage. –Nationalism causes people to join together to form their own government without outside interference.

Nationalism Historically, however, nationalism takes on a far greater meaning. Throughout history, large groups of people who share a cultural identity (language, customs, history) have felt the pulling power of nationalistic feeling.

Nationalism The spirit of nationalism also includes the belief that one's nation is better off as an autonomous state. Autonomy is defined as a nation governing itself independently.

Nationalism Still another aspect of nationalism is the willingness to go to extreme measures to achieve self-rule. Revolutions, wars, ethnic tension, and other conflicts of varying degrees have occurred throughout history because of a love for one's country. The French Revolution, The American Revolution, The Revolution in Haiti

Nationalism 6 bonds that unify a people –common religion –common language –common ethnicity or ancestry –common history –common land –common culture

Nationalism Good –Can work to bring people together. –Give people a common goal. –Pride or loyalty to one’s country. Bad –Can pull countries apart. –Can cause revolts and wars within the country. –Extreme nationalism can cause world wars because one country feels it is better then another.

Nationalism Nationalism can unite people into cohesive, stable nations. Likewise, it can tear nations apart which can result in long periods of social upheaval and political chaos.

Nationalism Nation-state –When the nation has it’s own independent government.

Nationalism Nationalism can be like a bomb and split nations apart –Russia –Ottoman Empire –Austro-Hungarian These nations/empires controlled vast numbers of different ethnic groups who wanted self government.

Nationalism Nationalism can be like a magnet and bring people together to create nation- states. Places like Italy and Germany

Congress of Vienna Met in to redraw the map of Europe after the Napoleonic Era. European leaders wanted to restore order and stability to Europe.

Congress of Vienna The Key Participants –Austria –Russia –England –France

Congress of Vienna Goals –Prevent France from going to war again. Actions –Strengthen countries around France. Belgium, Holland and Lux become the Netherlands –Austria takes control of Italy.

Congress of Vienna Goal –Return Europe to the way it was before Napoleon Action –Give power back to monarchs

Nationalism The French Revolution and wars caused a strong sense of nationalism in France. Napoleon inspired nationalism among the nations he conquered. –People hated the French and the French rule. Drove people to develop their own sense of nationalism. –French revolution showed that people could be free.

Nationalism Europe saw many national uprisings after Napoleon –Greece, 1821, revolted against the Ottoman Empire –Poland, 1830, revolted against the Russians –Belgium, 1831, separated themselves from the Dutch –Revolutions of 1848, Italy, Germany. Remember Revolutions were one way of people gaining their independence and running their own nations

Nationalism While nationalism had built strong empires in France, Spain Portugal, Britain and Russia two regions in Europe still remained feudal. Germany and Italy had been the center of European warfare and remained dis- unified By the middle of the 19 th Century that would change

Italy and Nationalism After the fall of the Roman Empire Italy had been a nation of small states. Napoleon united Italy into the Kingdom of Italy. The Congress of Vienna redivided Italy and placed Italy under the rule of Austria. Italy continued to remain a country of small feudal states

Italian Unification In 1849 the King of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II and Count Camillo Cavour began to work for Italian unification

Italy The Congress of Vienna had ensured that Italy remained divided up –The Austrians controlled Venetia, Lombardy and Tuscany in the north –France controlled Rome and the Papal states –Spain controlled Sicily and Naples –The only thing Italy controlled was Sardinia and island off the coast of Italy

The Three Leaders of Italy Count Camillo Cavour –Used alliances with Prussia and France to drive out the Austrians.

Italian Unification Cavour used the rivalry between Austria and France to start a war between both countries Cavour sided Italy with France and together Italy and France drove the Austrians out of northern Italy by 1859 Northern Italy was turned over to the Italians

The Three Leaders of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini –Formed the Young Italy Movement in –Was exiled for his views. –His writing and speeches inspired other nationalist.

The Three Leaders of Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi –Lead forces (Red Shirts) which helped control the north and south of Italy.

Italian Unification In the south Garibaldi started a revolutionary movement to drive the Spanish out of Italy Garibaldi’s followers known as Red Shirts began attacking the Spanish in Sicily In 1860 the Red Shirts and Garibaldi had driven the Spanish out of Italy Finally in 1870 the French withdrew from Italy leaving it a newly unified country

Italian Unification By 1861 most of Italy was unified Victory Emmanuel II became king of the newly unified Italy

Italy and Nationalism Prior to independence Italy because it was sectioned off had developed regionally and lacked a sense of unity Problems –There was no tradition of unity for Italy. –Urban sections fought with rural sections. –North fought with the South. –The Catholic Church resisted the unification.

German Nationalism

Germany and Nationalism Most Germans lived in small states to which they felt loyalty. Feeling of nationalism were felt by Germans who wanted to be free of the French. The German region had not been unified since the decline of Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire Nationalist called for a unified Germany. The Congress of Vienna blocked this idea.

Germany and Nationalism The Rise of Prussia –Prussia establishes itself as the strongest of the German states. –Sets up a trade union with the other German states helping to unify Germany. –Bismarck is appointed Chancellor of Prussia –Prussia wanted to unify the German regions into a powerful nation-state to compete against other European nations

Germany and Nationalism Otto von Bismarck –Strong political leader –Did not believe in nationalism but saw unification as a way to make the King of Prussia the King of Germany.

Germany and Nationalism Realpolitik –Bismarck’s idea of politics. –Means “the politics of reality” –Tough power politics with no room for ideals –No friends, don’t trust anyone.

Germany and Nationalism Blood and Iron –Bismarck believed that the only way to unify Germany was through “blood and iron” or war. –In 7 years Prussia fought 3 wars

War with Austria Bismarck knew he had to drive the Austrian and their influence out of the German region Prussia and the German states defeat the Austrians in seven weeks This quick victory also kept other European nations from entering the war

Franco-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War 1870 Used nationalism and hatred against France and Napoleon to invade France. Bismarck and the Prussian formed an alliance with the Catholic states along the French boarder to stop French aggression In 1870 Bismarck provokes a war with France and France declares war on Prussia The Catholic states now become unified under Prussia in a effort to fight the war By 1871 the Prussian win the war Prussia gains land from France. Germany is unified

Germany and Nationalism In 1871 the German states unite under the Prussian king William I. William calls himself Kaiser which means emperor.

Results of German Nationalism Germany quickly industrialized and became a world power Germany quickly developed a strong army and navy Germany further began to colonize in Africa and Asia By 1888 Bismarck was out favor with the socialist In 1890 William II dismissed Bismarck By 1914 Germany felt it was strong enough to handle any European power.

Zionism Anti-Semitism –Hatred of the Jews There had always been a hatred of the Jews in the world since the death of Christ In 73 CE the Jews had be exiled from their homeland in Palestine/Israel by the Romans. This was called the Diaspora. Jews had to find other places to lived and many moved into Europe The Jews had no homeland or country to call their own

Zionism As nationalism grew in Europe many nations wanted to expel those who did not fit the countries national background. –The French did not want people who were not French Many countries became intolerant of Jews

Zionism Some countries in Eastern Europe began to expel and in some cases even murder their Jewish populations. As Anti-Semitism grew Jews knew they needed to find their own homeland

Zionism Jews began buying property in Palestine from Arab landholders They organized into farming Communities In 1896 a Jewish Journalist Theodor Herzl witnessed the horrors of Anti- Semitism in France and called for Jews to from their own nation state

Zionism Herzl’s movement was called Zionism It was devoted to creating an independent nation state in Palestine In 1947 the nation state of Israel was created

How Nationalism can Cause Problems

Indian Nationalism The British had taken over India during the late 16 th Century Because of British rule the Indians were forced to follow British laws, customs and live under the British government even in their own homeland

Indian Nationalism India –Indians under British rule begins to have nationalist feelings. –1885 the Indian National Congress is formed. Made up of Hindu professionals Called for equal opportunity to serve in Indian government. Wanted greater democracy and self rule. Wanted a Hindu controlled government –In 1911 the Muslim League is formed Made up of Muslim professionals Wanted self rule Wanted a Muslim controlled government

Indian Nationalism Indians begin to revolt against the British Gandhi leads a movement of peaceful protest from 1919 to 1946 Finally in 1947 Indian gains it’s independence from the British However even today both Hindu s and Muslims still fight over India

The Ottoman Empire The Sick Man of Europe –By the 1800’s many European countries saw the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe” –The Ottoman Empire had been in decline since the 16 th Century –The Ottoman Empire had fought a series of wars with Russia over the Balkans and Black Sea area. These wars drained money and men out of the Ottoman Empire –The Ottoman Empire controlled a diverse group of people such as Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians and Armenians

The Ottoman Empire Britain and France were worried that if the Ottoman Empire fell the Russian would take over the eastern Mediterranean Britain and France kept the Ottoman Empire going to keep Russia from expanding

The Ottoman Empire The Balkans –As the Ottoman Empire weakened many groups decided to try and break away from the Ottoman Empire –In 1878 the Slavic state of Serbia declared its independence –Russia supported a Pan-Slavism movement Based on the idea that all Slavic people shared a common nationality. Serbians or Serbs fought for freedom. Austria-Hungary feared Serbian nationalism and believed it would spread to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and took over two areas belonging to Serbia (Bosnia and Herzegovina) in By 1914 the Balkans were the “powder keg of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire Because of this take over by the Austro- Hungarian Empire it strained relations between Serbia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire This would lead to the start of World War One in 1914

The Ottoman Empire Turkey In an effort to strengthen the Muslim control of the Ottoman Empire a group of Muslims called the Young Turks wanted to take control of Turkey and make it an independent Muslim state By 1914 the Young Turks did have control of Turkey

The Ottoman Empire During World War One the Young Turks committed acts of genocide against the Armenian Christians that lived in Turkey 1.5 million Armenians were killed between 1914 and 1918 After the war the Young Turks were removed from power Even today Turkey refuses to acknowledge that a genocide occurred in Turkey

Results of Nationalism Nationalism drove Germany and Italy to unify Nationalism in the America’s lead to independent movements In India (Sepoy) China (Boxers) and Africa (African National Congress) nationalistic movements lead to an effort to drive foreign influence out of these regions

Results of Nationalism Nationalism lead by Napoleon lead to a strong sense of nationalism in France and a nationalistic movement in Europe Nationalism drove countries to compete against one and other for colonies

Results of Nationalism By 1914 people of the world had a strong sense of identification to one’s country