9th. Grade AP World History content material for examination review Created by: Mr. Gordon Hurst – SKA High School for Girls (2015) Main Source: Lockard, Craig, A. Societies, Networks, and Transitions. A Global History. 2nd. Ed. Wadsworth Cengage Learning Images: Google Images (Public Domain)

Part I Ancient Societies to ca. 600 B.C.E.

Hominid Evolution 20 Million B.C.E. – Common ancestor to humans and apes (Africa) 5-6 Million B.C.E. – Earliest proto-humans 4-5 Million B.C.E. – Australopithecines 2.5 Million B.C.E. – Homo habilis 2.2. to 1.8 Million B.C.E. – Homo erectus 400,000 to 200,000 B.C.E. – Homo sapiens (archaic humans) 135,000 to 100,000 B.C.E. – Homo sapiens (modern humans) [Lucy (Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia) and Laetoli Footprints (Tanzania) belong to Australopithecines]

The Stone Ages Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) circa 100,000 years ago Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) circa 15,000 years ago Neolithic (New Stone Age) Between 9,500 and 8,000 B.C.E. in Eurasia

Key Vocabulary Matrilineal Kinship – A pattern of kinship that traces descent and inheritance through the female line. Animism – The belief that all creatures as well as inanimate objects and natural phenomena have souls and can influence human well-being. Polytheism – A belief in many spirits or deities. Shamans – Specialists in communicating with or manipulating the supernatural realm.

Cave paintings from Altamira, Spain

The Transition to Agriculture 10,000-500 B.C.E. 9500-8000 B.C.E. Southwestern Asia (Fertile Crescent) 7000 B.C.E. Nubia(disputed), China, Mexico, New Guinea 6500 B.C.E. Greece 6000 B.C.E. Northwestern India, Egypt, Andes, West Africa (disputed) 5000 B.C.E. Thailand 4500 B.C.E. Ethiopia 4000 B.C.E. Britain, Scandinavia 3000 B.C.E. Island Southeast Asia, tropical West Africa 1500 B.C.E. Amazon Basin 1000 B.C.E. North America (traditional theory)

Nine common features to a Civilization Cities – as administrative centers Political Systems – based on territory not kinship Specialized Jobs – non-food producing activities Different Classes – based on accumulated wealth Infrastructure – roads, bridges, buildings Organized Religion – mostly polytheistic and animistic Record Keeping – including a common language and system of writing Art and Architecture – including the study of science, astronomy Trade – long distance between civilizations

Areas of Early Civilization

The Rise of Cities 3500 to 3200 B.C.E. - Western Asia 3500 to 3000 B.C.E. – Northwestern India 3100 to 3000 B.C.E. – Egypt 3100 to 2500 B.C.E. – Peru 2000 B.C.E. – Northern China 1800 B.C.E. – Nubia 1600 B.C.E. – Crete 1200 B.C.E. – Mesoamerica (Mexico) 100 C.E. – West Africa

The Use of Metals Copper – used in Europe for weapons and tools as early as 7000 B.C.E and in the Middle East by 4500 B.C.E. Copper mining was the first real industry in the Ancient world and the first metal to be traded globally. Gold – another soft metal, valuable, easily cut and shaped with stones. Bronze – started in western Asia (Mesopotamia) by 3000 B.C.E., a mixture of tin or arsenic blended with copper. Iron – was used for tools and weapons around 1500 B.C.E.

Indo-Europeans were various tribes who spoke related languages deriving from some original common tongue and who eventually settled in Europe, Iran, and Northern India.

Chronology of Mesopotamia 5500 B.C.E. – First Sumerian settlements 3200 B.C.E. – First Cuneiform writing 3000 to 2300 B.C.E. – Sumerian City-States ca. 2000 B.C.E. – Epic of Gilgamesh written ca. 1800 to 1595 B.C.E. – Old Babylonian empire ca. 1790 to 1780 B.C.E. – Hammurabi’s Law Code ca. 1600 to 1200 B.C.E. – Hittite Empire ca. 1115 to 612 B.C.E. – Assyrian Empire ca. 539 to 330 B.C.E. – Persian Empire

Climate and Geography are important The fertile Northern Plains are watered by the Indus and Ganges rivers and are flat causing cultural unity and the formation of cities and kingdoms The mountain regions of south India develop more cultural diversity The south and northeast have the most rainfall, but the northwest is desert land. Season flooding from the rains is a major problem. Water is precious in Indian society. Dairy products, especially yogurt are an important part of the diet Wheat and Barley surpluses by 3000 B.C.E. also help the population reach over 1 million. Food surplus leads to an extensive trade network with Mesopotamia and China

Chronology of Ancient India and Central Asia 7000 to 6000 B.C.E. Agriculture begins in Indus River basin 2600 to 2500 B.C.E. Harappan cities established 2300 to 1900 B.C.E. Harappan cities at their height 2200 to 1800 B.C.E. Oxnus cities in Central Asia steppes (Silk Road) 1900 to 1750 B.C.E. Harappan society collapses in Indus Basin 1600 to 1400 B.C.E. Beginning of Aryan migrations into India 1500 to 1000 B.C.E. Aryan age of conquest and settlement 1000 to 700 B.C.E. Compilation of the Brahmanas 1000 to 450 B.C.E. Height of Indo-Aryan synthesis 800 to 600 B.C.E. Compilation of the Upanishads

Ancient Egypt Old Kingdom – 2686 to 2181 B.C.E. Middle Kingdom – 2040 to 1786 B.C.E. New Kingdom – 1550 to 1064 B.C.E.

The Old Kingdom - Egypt’s Golden Age The Age of the Pyramids - Ruled by Pharaohs - Hieroglyphics Regional trade with Arabia, Nubia, Levant, Anatolia The Middle Kingdom - Divided into three sections: Foreign conquests by Hyksos (iron people, chariots) from Syria and Palestine in the Nile Delta Region - An Egyptian dynasty in the center, ruling from Thebes - Nubians from South. All created cultural diffusion and trade with eastern Mediterranean and Mesopotamia The New Kingdom - Age of Egyptian military expansion into Palestine, Syria, Euphrates River region and into Nubia. Libyans and Babylonians served in Egyptian government Hatshepsut (ca. 1473 – 1458 B.C.E.) was female pharaoh. Start of monotheism diffused from Hebrews. Invading tribes began decline in power. From 750 to 650 B.C.E. Egypt ruled by pharaohs from Kush (kingdom in Nubia) Conquered by the Assyrians in 7th century B.C.E. then by Persians in 6th century B.C.E.

Early Agriculture begins around 7000 B.C.E. Huang He or Yellow River (North) Cooler and drier climate Takes name from LOESS blown from Gobi Desert in the west Called “China’s Sorrow” due to constant flooding Mud levees did not work Drought-resistant Millet and later Wheat from Mesopotamia and India, pears and apricots were main crops Yangzi or Yangtze River (South) Wetter and Warmer climate Around 5000 B.C.E. Rice grown

Yangshao Culture Yellow River region around 5000 B.C.E. Pottery making using kilns Bred pigs and dogs Weaved thread, made silk clothing Major exporter of silk across Eurasia Made musical instruments (flute) Jade carvings Buried their dead in cemeteries Due to earthquakes and disasters they began to use religion and experiment with techniques to predict the future

Longshan Culture Between 3000 and 2000 B.C.E. in Northern China Specialized labor, class divisions Strong houses, walled villages Pottery very hard, carved Jade Simple pictograph writing system Used industrial diamonds to polish ceremonial items of rubies and sapphires Bronze metallurgy Animal domestication

Shang Dynasty (1752-1122 B.C.E.) First documented dynasty. Harsh rulers. Ruled by kingships and landowning aristocrats Strong military: archers, spearmen, charioteers Cities were administrative and commercial centers Skillful bronze makers for both weapons and drinking vessels (wine) Aristocrat women had high status Scribes formed world’s earliest decimal system. Human and animal sacrifices

Zhou Dynasty (1122 -221 B.C.E.) Justified ruling by Mandate of Heaven under the Dynasty Cycle. King had local lords rule outer lands. Unstable society plagued by local wars. Operated Chinese feudal system Iron workers for farm tools created surplus foods, population grew to 20 million Developed Chinese writing system and wrote the Yijing (Book of Changes) which is foundation for Yin and Yang. Male was superior to the Female Their culture strongly influenced Korea, Vietnam, and Japan

The Aryans Indo-European nomadic pastoralists who migrated from Iran into Northwest India around 1500 to 1000 B.C.E. and mixed with Dravidian cultures to form a new society. Had common language of SANSKRIT VEDAS: Aryan “books of knowledge” were collections of sacred hymns and thoughts about religion, philosophy and magic that would become the source of Hinduism Early political structure was tribal, ruled by a RAJA. Many tribal conflicts took place, documented in the Mahabharata – epic and long poem In early times, status of women and daughters was high but decreased over time, dowries for weddings made daughters costly Wine, music (lutes, flutes, drums), chariot racing, dice and chess

The Indian Caste System THE BHRAMIN, KSHATRYIA, VAISHA WERE OF DIRECT ARYAN DESCENT THE SUDRA AND UNTOUCHABLES WERE NON-ARYAN PEOPLE

Sub-Saharan Africa – an overview Africa geography is extremely varied, ranging from jungles with abundant rainfall to deserts with practically no rainfall The area now covered by the Sahara Desert was once lush and fertile, but is gradually dried out as rain patterns shifted southward Small-scale agriculture flourished, though widespread disease made it difficult to domesticate animals Sub-Saharan Africans worked with iron at the same time or before they worked with bronze Early sub-Saharan societies were linked by trade When Egypt decline, the Nubian kingdom of Kush grew becoming a major hub linking Africa with the Mediterranean Sea

Ancient Sub-Saharan Africa 8000 to 5000 B.C.E. Earliest agriculture in the Sahara and Nubia 5000 to 4000 B.C.E. Earliest agriculture in Ethiopia 3100 to 2800 B.C.E. First Nubian kingdom 2500 B.C.E. Widespread agriculture in West, Central, and East Africa 2000 B.C.E. Beginning of Bantu Migrations 1800 to 1500 B.C.E. Kerma kingdom in Nubia 1200 B.C.E. Early settlement in western Sudan 1000 to 500 B.C.E. Bantu settlement of Great Lakes region Beginning of trans-Saharan trade Early ironworking technology 900 B.C.E. to 350 C.E. Early Kush

East Saharan people first to make pottery to store food and liquids In West Africa food crops derived from local wild plants such as sorghum, millet, yams and African rice ca. 5000 B.C.E. people in East Africa began growing cotton Crops from West Africa reached India and China before 2000 B.C.E. Domestication of wild animals was difficult so goats and sheep brought in from Middle East No real Bronze Age Sub-Saharan people one of earliest iron workers, around 1000 B.C.E. Between 600 B.C.E. and 300 B.C.E. iron smelted in both West and East Africa

The Bantu originated from Benue River in eastern Nigeria and Cameroon The Bantu originated from Benue River in eastern Nigeria and Cameroon. Successful agriculture created overcrowding in 2000 B.C.E. so populations migrated. Between 1000 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. arrived in Great Lakes region of East Africa Bantu mixed with local peoples exchanging technologies and cultural patterns. Skilled farmers who used iron tools. Some raised cattle and goats, others learned to grow bananas and plantains on plantations imported from Southeast Asia. Sorghum transported from the Nile Valley soon replaced yams as staple food.

Southeast Asia Separated from the Eurasian landmass by mountains and water barriers. Stretches from Burma (Myanmar) eastward to Vietnam and the Philippines and southward to Indonesia Tropical climate with long, rainy seasons Area has many large rivers that have vast plains and deltas (Mekong, Red, and Irrawaddy) with dense human populations Large islands have heavily forested highlands so communication by water leading to diverse religions, languages, and cultures Agriculture starts ca. 6000 B.C.E. with rice, bananas, yams and taro combined with animal domestication of chickens and pigs Bronze and jewelry making, tin exported to the Indus Valley

Austronesia 4000 to 2000 B.C.E. Austronesian migrations into Southeast Asia Islands 1600 to 1000 B.C.E. Melanesian and Austronesian migrations into South Pacific

The Three Kingdoms of Korea Begin farming between 5000 and 2000 B.C.E. with rice grown in warm, southern lands Divided into small states run by clans practicing animism Imported bronze and iron-working equipment from China Created own pottery and radiant floor heating under stone floors

Japan Ancestors of ancient Ainu linked to North Asia and Alaska Earliest society was JOMON (rope-pattern) because of their pottery designs Begins ca. 10,000 B.C.E. and ends 300 B.C.E. Hunters, gatherers and fishermen but developed wood houses and villages and lived off deer, wild boar, yams, seals 500 B.C.E. to 500 C.E. Ainu language lost to Korean tongues

The Ancient Americas DNA and other tests link these people to Northeast Asia Earliest migrations between 40,000 to 20,000 B.C.E. First civilization were CLOVIS in North and Central America from 11,000 to 9,500 B.C.E. Earliest Americans were known as Paleo-Americans - nomadic hunter- gatherers who also ate vegetation for food and medicines

Mound Building The oldest is found in Louisiana and dates back to 2500 B.C.E. Also found in eastern woodlands as well as Gulf Coast Some have temples built on top Poverty Point was a trading hub for the Mississippi River and Mid- West for clay and stone products along with beads and tools Mounds may have been calendars

Mesoamerican Agriculture Mesoamerica is the region from central Mexico through northern Central America – began around 8500 to 8000 B.C.E. Early crops were gourds, pumpkins, chili peppers and kidney beans By 3500 to 2500 B.C.E. maize, sweet potatoes, kidney beans, cotton Lack of draft animals hindered large-scale farming methods Farming moved to North America due to wetter climate and roots and plants were domesticated for a balanced diet Irrigation used but societies isolated and intensive farming not possible First cities did not develop until 3000 to 1000 B.C.E.

First South American Societies CARAL Caral is first known city around 3100 B.C.E. in northern Peru About 3,000 people, pyramid, amphitheater, ceramics, animal bone flutes Trade hub for Andes and Amazon forests and Pacific coast Died out around 1600 B.C.E. from unknown reasons CHAVIN 10,000 feet above sea-level in Northern Peru around 1200 B.C.E. and collapsed around 200 B.C.E. Original art on real or mythical animals. Worked gold and silver Elaborate burial sites show evidence of class divisions Site became a pilgrimage as well as a political and economic center

Olmec Earliest known Mesoamerican society 1200 to 1000 B.C.E. and flourished until 300 B.C.E. Ruled by kingships. Astronomers, cities built and aligned with the stars Architecture, art and a hieroglyphic writing system Religions ceremonies coincided with calendar year and seasons Made jade ceremonial objects, masks, jewelry for trade

Part II Classical Societies 600 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.

Classical Age India 563 to 483 B.C.E. Life of the Buddha 326 B.C.E. Alexander the Great’s army reaches western India 322 to 185 B.C.E. Mauryan Empire 269 to 232 B.C.E. Reign of Ashoka 200 B.C.E. to 150 C.E. Division of Buddhism into Theravada and Mahayana schools ca. 50 to 250 C.E. Kushan Empire in northwest India ca. 320 to 550 C.E. Gupta era

The Caste System During the first millennium of the Common Era the four main castes (Varna) subdivided into thousands of sub-castes known as Jati (birth groups) each with its own rulers. At this time the castes became heredity. Around 500 C.E. beef eating ceased as the cow was a symbol of life and motherhood. The Hindu idea of karma meant the top three groups were farther along in their reincarnation.

Hinduism Declines The Brahmans – priestly class became too wealthy and corrupt. New movements moved toward worship and spirituality not rituals. This new spirituality was written in the Upanishads, the final portion of the Hindu scriptures. New forms of worship stressed devotion to specific gods such as Vishnu or Shiva. Each home now had its own shrine. Hinduism now developed a broad and tolerant approach to religious differences. Jainism – believed that life in all forms must be protected because everything, including animals, insects, plants, sticks, stones had a separate soul and are alive. About 1 million still today.

Different faces of Buddha The different poses, facial and hand features vary from region to region due to the many different types of Buddha that have evolved with different meanings. Throughout Asia many regions use different materials such as gold, silver, and wood to honor their interpretation of Buddha

Buddhism Siddartha Gautama (563 to 483 B.C.E.) He saw Caste System as immoral Four Noble Truths 1. Life is one of suffering and ignorance 2. Suffering stems from desiring 3. One must stop all desires 4. To do this one must follow the Eightfold Path Eightfold Path – personal correctness in:- Views, intent, speech, actions, trade or profession, effort, mindfulness, and concentration. The world is in a constant state of flux; when mortals try in vain to stop the flow of events, they suffer. The goal is Nirvana – end of suffering through perfection

Monasticism Develops The pursuit of a life of penance, prayer, and meditation, either alone or in a community of other seekers. Both men and women They became vegetarians They begged for food affirming their humility. Would become major influence on the Mauryan Empire

Jainism An Indian religion that believes that all life in all forms must be protected because everything, including animals, sticks, insects, plants and stones has a separate soul and is alive. They do not believe in a creator God but in many gods who are self-realized individuals who have attained enlightenment. They are known to use the Aryan symbol of the reverse swastika but in the West they use the Ahimsa Hand which stands for fearlessness

Rise of the Mauryas (The Mauryan Empire) 518 B.C.E King Darius of Persia Conquered the Indus River Valley 326 B.C.E. Alexander the Great reached the Indus River. Persian and Hellenistic culture influenced Northern India, even designs of Buddhist art. The remaining parts of India were taken over by Chandragupta Maurya, the first imperial Indian state.

Creating the Mauryan Empire Chandragupta kept diplomatic relations with surrounding countries. He used political centralization and common laws. He had a large army, secret police and spies. There was no political corruption but taxes were high on goods, crops and economic profits. There were between 50 to 100 million people, most lived in cities. Patna (then called Pataliputra) on the Ganges River was the capital

Mauryan Wealth Prosperity came from the world’s most advanced trading system and craft industries (wood, ivory, stone carvings, cotton fabric). An overland trade route developed from the Ganges to the Indus rivers into Afghanistan. It was the center of trade between China, Arabia and the Middle East. The private sector controlled artisans, the government owned mines, forests, textiles, shipbuilding, weapon making and food surpluses

King Ashoka (269-232 B.C.E.) He was Chandragupta’s grandson whose name means “Sorrowless” He rose to power as an army general who conquered nearby lands. He had edicts carved into rocks and sandstone pillars telling of his brutality. He then converted to Buddhism and righteousness. He saw himself as “Beloved of the Gods” He sent Buddhist missionaries across Asia. After his death the next rulers were weak and several decades later the empire collapsed.

The Kushans from Central Asia 50 to 250 C.E. Indo-European people from Central Asia who conquered most of northwest India and western Ganges basin. Their empire covered Afghanistan and Central Asia. They embraced Buddhism and mixed Indian and Greco- Roman culture along the Silk Road promoting trade from the Mediterranean Sea to China

The Gupta Age in India The Gupta era was 320 to 550 C.E. Assimilation of foreign and immigrant cultures into a Golden Age (prosperity, tolerant government, major contributions in science, medicine, mathematics, and literature. While the Roman and Han were declining, the Gupta was the world’s most dynamic society. Pilgrims visited from all over Asia.

Gupta Government and Economy The empire was decentralized with local rulers who obeyed King Chandra Gupta II. Prosperity came from internal and external trade, highly productive agriculture and the use of gold and silver coins. India became the textile center for linen, wool and cotton. Spices were exported to Europe, Middle East, China and Indonesia.

Gupta Working Class The empire favored merchants and farmers but similar to the Mauryas they used enforced labor who worked one day a month on pubic projects. The Gupta government controlled and ran all metal and salt mines and other enterprises such as arms factories and textile mills. The image shows a Gupta Hindu temple in Indonesia, evidence of their cultural diffusion

Gupta Society The rulers were Hindu but very tolerant to Buddhists, they even helped build a Buddhist temple and university at Nalanda. However this tolerance did not extend to untouchables. Patna, the capital, had hospitals for the poor and handicapped, and a university for 10,000 students from across Asia.

Patriarchy and Gender Relations Male authority grows, women’s status gradually declined across northern India. It was not a Golden Age for Women. The Code of Manu tied women to the patriarchal family. Women did not have property rights and were forced into early marriages to preserve chastity. Widows could not remarry, sati applied and became widespread.

Gupta Science and Mathematics Aryabhata, leading astronomer, mathematician and physicist taught the earth was round and one of a family of planets. Calculated lunar eclipses, the size of the moon and calculated the length of a solar year at 365.36 days. He used quadratic equations and the value of pi. The Gupta created zero and the decimal system, moving through Arabia, becoming “Arabic” numerals

Gupta Chemistry and Medicine They made soap, cement, the world’s first tempered steel and transformed sugar cane juice to crystals for shipping and storage. Their dyes were used in fabrics. Yoga promoted mental and spiritual discipline. They drew the nervous system, created vaccines, sterilized wounds, performed Caesarian deliveries and plastic surgery

Gupta Art and Literature Writers used Sanskrit for religious works, poetry and prose. Theater, music and dance flourished. They used the lute and the sitar after being imported from western Asia. Gupta artists produced many religious sculptures and drew paintings on cave or temple walls, the most famous being the Ajanta Cave Paintings.

Decline of the Gupta Empire In the last half of the 5th century C.E. the Huns invaded northern India. The Gupta treasury was depleted fighting the enemy. More invaders followed and local warfare started. Muslim invaders began to conquer parts of the empire. Rival states continued to trade by sea using the monsoon winds towards S.E. Asia and China but there was no unity.