Ch. 10 The Renaissance and Discovery

Why did the Renaissance start in Italy? Geographic Reasons Italy is in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, making trade between the Middle East and Africa easy. Italy is located in the middle of Europe, making it easy for ideas to spread from the rest of Europe to Italy. Rome served as a reminder of the classics of ancient Rome, inspiring Renaissance thought. Resources were available in Italy.

Why Italy? Social Reasons Humanism placed an emphasis on the achievements of the individual. Secularism made people appreciate the things in the world more. Philosophy and education became widely appreciated.

Why Italy Economic Reasons The merchant class brought great wealth to Italy through trade. The House of Medici helped restore Florence and, eventually, start the Renaissance. A decline in manorialism allowed the average person more opportunity for advancements in salary. The wealthy became patrons of the arts. Other reasons: The Hundred Years’ War left France and England preoccupied, explaining northern Europe’s failure to start the Renaissance

. What events affected the Renaissance? The Crusades (c.1045-1200)–> opened trade routes to the East; increased demands for luxury items; cities and towns grew from trade Rise of Italian Merchants (c.1200-1400)–> trade in Mediterranean increased; merchants became wealthy and patronized the arts; cities and towns grew and thrived  Rise of Secularism–> increased demand for foreign products (ex. silk and spices) Commercial Revolution (c.1400-1500)–> development of different trade practices like mercantilism; increased desire for global trade; banking and coinage used Technological Advancements and Expansion–> increased desire for new trade routes; better ships and navigational devices developed Age of Discovery (c.1400-1600)–> New World discovered; decline of Italian trade in the Mediterranean; end of the Renaissance

Italian City States 5 Major States Dutchy of Milan Republic of Venice Republic of Florence Papal States Kingdom of Naples

The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 Treaty of Lodi (1454-1455) was a fragile alliance between city-state of Naples, Milan, and Florence and their rivals, Venice and the Papal States Cosimo de Medici (1389-1464) was a wealthy Florentine who manipulated elections and influenced the local council, Signoria, Lorenzo the Magnificent ruled Florence with a totalitarian regime from 1478-1492 Later Florentine leader Piero de Medici allied with Naples against Milan in 1494 He was exiled after handing Pisa and other Florentine possessions over to Charles VIII of France

The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 The Visconti Family Rule in Milan 1278 and Sforza family took over in 1450 Both ruled without constitutional restraint or political competition A Sforza, Ludovico il More appealed to French in 1494 for aid against the Naples and its allies, An appeal that resulted in France’s acquisition of Florence, Charles VIII League of Venice- Ferdinand of Aragon created a counter alliance to protect Venice, Milan, and Papal states, and Emperor Maximilian I from France

The Renaissance in Italy 1375-1527 Girolanmo Savonarola (1452-1498) a radical Dominican monk, convinced a mob of Florentines to exile Piero de Medici claimed that France’s victory was divine justice Savonarola ruled Florence until his imprisonment and execution in 1498 Venice- was an exception to the trend of despotic rule. It was ruled by a merchant oligarchy, a 300 member senate, and Judicial council

Humanism Believed in well rounded education expressed in Baldassare Castiglione Book of the Courtier Humanists espouse a program of study that included rhetoric, politics and moral philosophy, poetry, history, and that embraced classical and biblical sources Florentine Platonic Academy arose under the patronage of Cosimo de Medici to enable humanists to devote their attention to Plato and Neoplatonist

Humanism Scholars consider Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) the father of humanism Other important works: Divine Comedy: Dante Alighieri The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) The Prince : Machaivelli New techniques like chiaroscuro and linear prospective were implemented by Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael (1483-1520)

The Northern Renaissance Supported by Brother of Common Life, a lay religion movement based in the Netherlands Mostly interested in Religious reform Convey their ideas as a result of Johann Gutenberg invention of moveable type in 1450 Desiderius Erasmus (1466?-1536) most famous northern humanist tried in his writings to unite the classical ideal of civic virtue with Christian ideals His works embraced anticlerical views and satirized religious superstition He translated new testament in to Greek, then into Latin

Northern Renaissance The English Humanist Thomas More is best known for Utopia A critique of society that envisioned an imaginary society based on tolerance and communal property Miguel de Cervantes, a Spaniard, wrote Don Quixote de la Mancha in 1605. In it, Cervantes criticizes the outdated practice of chivalry. This novel is considered the first great European novel. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was one of the greatest playwrights of all time Some of his most famous plays include Macbeth, King Lear, Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream.

Trade Routes Continued Hanseatic League (a.k.a. the Hansa) formed by Northern European cities as a way to compete with Italian trade incorporated most of the Baltic and North Sea ports, along with cities in  Scandinavia, Russia, Germany, and other European countries land transport increased and ship traffic rivalled that of Italy Baltic Sea considered “Scandinavian Mediterranean” because of the large amount of trade that took place there traded cloth, metal, fish, animal skins, furs, tar, timber, and turpentine created a monopoly of Northern European trade fell apart in the early 1600s Some cities where Venetian and Hanseatic trade routes met were Bruges (Belgium), Marseilles (France), Venice (Italy), and London (England). 

Voyages of Discovery and the New Empire in the West Explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, and Henry the Navigator sought to conquer unknown worlds and bring riches and supplies back to Europe The effects of discoveries on the culture and history of conquered peoples frequently involved exploitation and in some cases complete destruction

Da Vinci- Mona Lisa

Da Vinci- Last Supper

Michelango

Michelangelo- David

Raphael- School of Athens

Boticelli

Filipo Brunelleschi