Nationalism Imperialism Militarism The Problem of Alliances Military Strategy and Conflict

How does Nationalism promote war? Intense competition, bitter rivalries Competition for markets and resources Territorial disputes France (loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany) in Franco-Prussian War (1870) Austria-Hungary vs. Russia (Balkans) Intense Nationalism leads to demands for independence in the Balkans

Competition for colonies in Africa and Asia

European Arms Race (Militarism) Powerful military = powerful nation Stress the importance of swift mobilization Developed detailed plans

Bismarck (Chancellor of Germany) promotes peace and unifies Germany Looks to isolate threat from France Formation of the Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Russia joins the alliance (1881) Kaiser Wilhelm II forces Bismarck to resign Wilhelm focused on power of military Wilhelm allows his treaty with Russia to lapse (1890) Russia forms a defensive military alliance with France Germany begins a shipbuilding program Attempt to mimic the British Navy

How do the governing styles of Bismarck and Wilhelm II differ? What fears should Germany have about an alliance between France and Russia? What reasons do the French, Russians, and British have for disliking the Germans?

Triple Entente (1907) “Friendly Agreement” Britain, France, Russia Ensured that Britain would not fight against France or Russia

Inflexible mobilization Railroad schedules

Nationalism threatens the Balkan region New nations: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia Pan-Slavism Movement to unify all Slavic speaking peoples on Balkan Pen. Russia (Slavic) supports Serbian (Slavic) Nationalism (p.843) 1908: Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina (Slavic) Austria-Hungary and Serbia fight for control of Bosnia and Herzegovina Archduke Franz Ferdinand assumes throne- visits his newly acquired land (Sarajevo-capital of Bosnia)

Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist who believed that Bosnia should belong to Serbia. Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia. Germany pledged their support for Austria - Hungary. · example of Pan-German nationalism Russia pledged their support for Serbia. · example of Pan-Slavic nationalism

The Point of No Return: The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Germany declares war on Russia. France pledges their support for Russia. Germany declares war on France. Germany invades Belgium on the way to France. Great Britain supports Belgium and declares war on Germany.

World War I Allied Powers: Central Powers: Great Britain France Russia Italy Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire

Schlieffen Plan: Allies retaliate at the Battle of the Marne Defeat the Germans and the Schlieffen Plan New technology fails to deliver a quick win Trench warfare claims many lives War begins to settle into a stalemate

After a Russian offensive, Germans drive Russia into a full retreat Shortages on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, blankets lead to struggles in Russia Gallipoli Campaign needed to aid Russians Need to provide Russia with supplies (failure) Russia continues to suffer from low supplies

U.S. Neutrality breaks with the continuation of unrestricted submarine warfare (April 6, 1917) *Remember the Lusitania

WWI = Total War Rationing Propaganda

See handout for detail 1. Monition plant 2. Medical fields 3. Military corps 4. Changing roles of women

Russia withdraws due to revolution and Communist uprising (Vladimir Lenin) 1918 Germany and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Germans turn their attention to the Allies in France Using help from 2 million American troops, the Allies begin an advance on Germany On November 9, 1918, Germany is declared a Republic 1. Elite troops of the army mutinied in November 1918; fears of a Soviet-style revolution in Germany 2. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9, 1918, two days before the armistice 3. Weimar Republic Germany and France sign an Armistice on November 11, 1918

8.5 million DEAD 21 million WOUNDED Millions of refugees Environmental destruction Examine chart on p. 856

Wilson’s Plan for peace (1918) Fourteen Points: plan for just and lasting peace (1-4) End to secret treaties, freedom of seas, free trade, reduced national armies and navies (5) Adjustment of colonial claims (6-13)Changing boarders and creation of new nations (14)Creation of general association of nations Paris Peace Conference (1919) U.S., Britain, France, Italy Britain and France do not agree to Wilson’s 14 Points All sides compromise on the Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919)

Treaty of Versailles (June 28, 1919) creates… League of Nations U.S. Refused to join (stay out of European affairs) France receives Alsace and Lorraine Britain acquires new territories in Africa and Middle East Germany forbidden to have an Air Force, allowed a small Army and Navy (100,000 men, 6 Battleships) Germany forced to pay reparations and accept guilt of war ($33 billion to Allies over 30 years) Development of new territories: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Palestine

Germany: Africans/ Asians: Italy/ Japan:

: Painful recovery and readjustment Severe inflation plagues Germany : Growing peace and prosperity Germany joins the League of Nations Reparations become easier to stomach Germany borrows $ from New York to pay Britain/ France Britain and France use $ to pay wartime loans to the U.S. League of Nations remains a failure without U.S. involvement animation.gif animation.gif

Bolshevik (Communist) Revolution ( ) Division between Communists and Tsarists 1920: Ukrainian Communists declare the independence of a Soviet Republic of Ukraine 1922: Soviet Rep. of Ukraine merges with Russia to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922: Soviet republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan join the USSR Russia gains control of tsarist peoples

As Russia’s Economy slowly declines, more and more people demand food Lenin announces the New Economic Policy Allows peasants to own land and sell crops Private merchants to trade Private workshops to produce goods and sell them

Death of Lenin in 1924 leads to bitter rivalries for power Leon Trotsky (commander of Red Army) Joseph Stalin (general secretary of the Communist party) 1929: Joseph Stalin emerges as the leader of the Communist party, and prepares to industrialize the nation

Boxer Rebellion ( ) Chinese desire to remove foreign influence from China Qing wages war on Imperialist Expansion/ Westernization Revolution in 1911 leads to formation of Chinese Republic After WWI, Japanese are allowed to retain their Chinese possessions

Qing fighting British and Japanese forces

Super powers create a compromise for expansion Mandate System  focus on self-determination Class C Mandates Treated as colonies (South Africa, German Islands) Class B Mandates Ruled for benefit of the inhabitants Would receive autonomy at some future time Germany’s African colonies Class A Mandates Developed, only under administrative advice, promise of independence (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon)

European presence viewed as occupation NOT liberation Changes to Arab Lands post WWI Loss of Nomads Urbanization Westernization (education, dress, jobs) Balfour Declaration of 1917 Encourages Jews to settle in Palestine Jews (minority) take Arab (majority) lands

Indian National Congress- led India to independence; western educated Indians; most members loyal to British rulers -Indian nationalism created due to racism; national congress allowed voices to be heard Issues: racism, poverty, favoritism, decline in food production due to “cash crops”, and indebtedness leaders: B.G. Tilak vs. Mohandas Gandhi Militant“Satyagraha” /truth force

Hindu/Muslim split B.G. Tilak Nationalism above religious concerns Boycotts of British goods Bombay regions Imprisoned Hindu communalists Violent means Terrorism in Bengal

Loyal to British at start of war But war casualties and costs mount Inflation, famine Promises broken Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 Greater Indian participation in government Rowlatt Act, 1919 Civil rights restricted Gandhi protests Mohandas K. Ghandi Nonviolence Satyagraha, or truth force

Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances Balfour Declaration Zionism World Zionist Organization Theodore Herzl Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 Martial law to protect Suez Canal Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Egyptians refused to present at Versailles