Look at the next two slides of Supreme Court Cases, and answer the questions: 1. What do you think Plessy vs. Ferguson established? 2. Why do you think that? 3. What do you think Brown vs. Board of Education established? 4. How do you think it changed America?
Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
Social Change Movements from 1945 to Racial Equality 2. Rights for Women 3. Environmental Awareness
1. Racial Equality The Supreme Court decided in Plessy vs. Ferguson that if institutions are equal they had to be separate for the races. “Separate but Equal” Jim Crow laws required African Americans to have separate facilities.
Jim Crow Laws
President Truman ordered the military to integrate in 1948, but it does not really happen until 1963.
Brown vs. Board of Ed. Linda Brown was not allowed to attend an all- white school and challenges that ruling in the Supreme Court 1. Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson 2. Starts integration in schools
Brown vs. Board of Education 1954
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for violating the segregation laws of Montgomery, Alabama.
In Response... For over a year, African Americans boycotted the buses. They carpooled and walked through all weather conditions
While the NAACP fought in the courts, MLK’s organization led the boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr.
Gandhi inspired King to be direct and nonviolent
“Violence never solves problems. It only creates new and more complicated ones.” --Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
King’s sacrifice King was arrested thirty times in his 38 year life. His house was bombed or nearly bombed several times Death threats constantly
March on Washington 1963 President Kennedy was pushing for a civil rights bill. To show support over 200,000 African Americans went to Washington D.C. MLK, Jr gives “I Have a Dream” speech
Civil Rights Organizations SNCC SCLC campuses churches Student led MLK led Protested protested Non violent non violent Wanted equality wanted to change the laws that would result in equality
Protest Tactics : SIT INS
This was in Greensboro, North Carolina
They were led not by MLK but by college students!
Sit-in Tactics Dress in you Sunday best. Be respectful to employees and police. Do not resist arrest! Do not fight back! Remember, journalists are everywhere !
Marching In Selma, pro-vote marchers face Alabama cops.
Many were arrested.
Birmingham, Alabama 1963
Birmingham
When America saw 500 kids get arrested and attacked with dogs, there was much support for civil rights legislation.
Freedom Riders White and Black volunteers, got on buses and sat inter-racially on the bus. They went into bus station lunch counters
Freedom Riders attacked!
Mobs also attacked them at the bus stations.
Voter Registration Volunteers came to Mississippi to register African Americans to vote.
These volunteers risked arrest, violence and death every day.
Voter Registration If African Americans registered to vote, local banks could call the loan on their farm.
This man spent 5 days in jail for carrying a sign that read, “Voter Registration Worker”
Civil Rights Act of 1964 Banned segregation in public places such as restaurants and buses.
Voting Rights Act of 1965 Outlawed literacy tests in order to vote.
2. Rights for Women Betty Friedan publishes The Feminine Mystique in 1963 which led to creation of NOW and feminist movement National Organization for Women founded in 1966
3. Environmental Awareness