Key Issue 4 Why do People Migrate Within a Country? Chapter 3 Migration Key Issue 4 Why do People Migrate Within a Country?

Why do people migrate within a country? Less disruptive than international Different cultural traditions: language, religion Two Main Types Interregional Rural and urban Intraregional Older cities and suburbs

Interregional Migration United States Past Lack of farmland lured farmers to frontier for more abundant land Today Mostly for better jobs

Migration between Regions within the United States American West Opened up 200yrs ago Mass interregional migration to interior

Changing Center of Population Population center: average location of everyone in the country “center of population gravity” Where the “flat” Earth would balance on a pin 1790, population center was Baltimore, MD Most people were settled along Atlantic Coast Depended on coastal locations Interior obstacles: Appalachian Mountains & Native Americans in West

Early Settlement in the Interior 1830, Population Center moved west: Moorefield, WV Large amounts of fertile and available at low price Transportation improvements opened interior Canals made travel accessible between New York & Great Lakes Steam powered boats

Early Settlement in the Interior After 1830, Population center moved further west: Cincinnati, Ohio Western pioneers headed toward California Gold Rush, late 1840s Non-stop trip to CA

Settlers preferred forested areas (lumber) 40” rain fall for agriculture West of 98th meridian: Interior proved unsuitable Declared region unfit: few trees, little rainfall “Great American Desert” Modern Technology has transformed region to become one of world’s “richest” farming areas

Settlement of the Great Plains After 1880, Population center continues to move west, at slower pace More Europeans migrating to US East Coast Balanced out American migration to West Coast People began to settle in Great Plains Dakota Territory 1870: 14,000 1880: 135,000 1890: 539,000

Settlement of the Great Plains Agricultural Technology Enabled people to farm in Great Plains Barbed wire introduced, no longer needed forests to build fences Windmills & well-drilling to pump water

Settlement of the Great Plains Expansion of Railroads Transportation for goods to move to populated East Coast Land grants for railroad companies Encouraged more Western Settlers 1980, population center moved west of Mississippi River

Recent Growth of the South Late 20th Century, population center moved southward 1980s and 1990s, 5 million moved to South, only 2 million moved out Job opportunities (5% job growth in south compared to average 2-3% for US) Environmental Reasons “sunbelt” temperate climate: outdoor rec activities “rustbelt” Northeast & Midwest: dependency on steel

Interregional Antagonism Northeast & Midwest Believe south is stealing jobs/industry Some have relocated, but many are newly created jobs Past to Present 1929 average income was 2/3 lower in South 1960 average income 1/3 lower in South Today, average income ONLY 1/5 lower in South

Net migration for African Americans 1900, most African Americans lived in South Forced migration for slavery Africans began to move to larger cities in NE, MidWest and West for jobs Equal amount of African Americans moving N-S as S-N, much more Whites moving South

U.S. Interregional Migration

Much LESS interregional migration Most new jobs are service sector 21st Century, Much LESS interregional migration Net migration from regions is almost ZERO Most new jobs are service sector Location becomes less important

Migration Between Regions in Other Countries Russia Soviet policy encouraged factory construction NEAR raw materials, not near current populated areas Encouraged interregional migration Fill jobs at mines, factories, construction sites

Russia Siberia Far North, 45% land, only 2% population Rich in natural resources: fossil fuels, minerals, forests Soviet gov’t gave incentives to move north (higher wages, paid holidays, early retirement) Harsh climate & remoteness Many workers moved back south Komsomol: young volunteers during summer to construct projects Collapse of Soviet Union  market-based economy Interregional migration no longer encouraged

Brazil Encouraged interregional migration Mostly populated on Atlantic Coast Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paolo Tropical interior sparsely inhabited Gov’t moved capital from Rio to Brasilia, 600 miles from Atlantic Coast Slow growth at first, resentment of move Rapid population growth: more moving to Brasilia for employment

Indonesia Government encouraging migration FROM Java (most populated island) to less populated ones More than 5 million have moved Incentives: 5 acres of land, materials to build, seeds, pesticides, and food Less recent migration: environmental concerns, disruption of indigenous people, not productive land

Europe Moving to regions with higher incomes Italy: Migrating North for job opportunities rich agricultural land & strong industrial base 2x higher income, unemployment 15% less in north United Kingdom:migrating south for job opportunities North: industrial revolution- no longer competitive in global economy Regions closer to European markets have advantage Heart of Europe

India Gov’t limits ability to migrate from regions Permit is required to visit State of Assam, NE India Protect ethnic identity of region Limit job competition with outsiders Limit international migration

Migration within One Region Since 1800, most intraregional migration in world has been from RURAL to URBAN areas

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas Urbanization, 1800s, Europe & North America Rapid industrial development US Population in Urban Areas 1800 5% 1920 50% 2010 75% Pushed from lack of jobs in agriculture, pulled by jobs in factories & service industry Recent years, urban migration is skyrocketing in LDCs Sao Paolo, Brazil: migration is 300,000 per year City cannot support migrants Favelas: squatter settlements, lack electricity, running water, paved streets

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas Developed countries: Canada, UK, West Europe, US From central cities out to the suburbs NOT related to employment Detached house, private yard, garage, driveway, modern schools Suburbia is rapidly expanding Farms are being converted to housing developments: new roads, sewers, other services

Migration from Metropolitan to Nonmetropolitan Areas Late 20th century, MDCs More people migrating INTO rural areas than OUT Counterurbanization Migration from cities & suburbs to small towns and rural communities Lifestyle reasons: live on a farm, own horses, grow vegetables Modern communication & transportation make transition easy Counterurbanization has stopped in US, numbers IN and OUT are about the same