THE FUNGI YEASTS AND MOLDS

THE STUDY OF FUNGI IS CALLED MYCOLOGY DISTRIBUTION – 20o – 30oC ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE NUTRITION AND GROWTH VAST MAJORITY ARE SAPROBES(SAPROPHYTIC) ALL ARE CHEMOHETEROTROPHS – ABSORB NUTRIENTS THROUGH CELL WALL PREFER AN ACID pH

MOST ARE OSMOTOLERANT MOST ARE EITHER AEROBES OR FACULTATIVES NUTRITIONAL NEEDS ARE MINIMAL BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE FUNGI TYPICALLY EUCARYOTIC UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR (HYPHA)

UNICELLULAR YEASTS

FILAMENTOUS MOLDS

CELL WALLS: ALL FUNGI HAVE CELL WALLS YEASTS – GLUCANS – GLUCOSE POLYMERS MOLDS – CHITIN AND CELLULOSE STRUCTURE OF YEASTS STRUCTURE OF MOLDS BASIC STRUCTURE OF A MOLD IS THE HYPHA

CLASSIFICATION OF THE FUNGI (PHYLA) GROUPINGS BASED ON (1)HABITAT, (2)MORPHOLOGY AND (3)SEXUAL COMPLEXITY 1. ZYGOMYCOTA 2. ASCOMYCOTA 3. BASIDIOMYCOTA 4. DEUTEROMYCOTA

ZYGOMYCOTA TERRESTRIAL /MAINLY MOLDS REPRODUCES ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A SPORANGIOSPORE REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A THICK - WALLED ZYGOSPORE RHIZOPUS sp. - NON SEPTATE

ASCOMYCOTA TERRESTRIAL / YEASTS AND MOLDS MOLDS: REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF A NON-MOTILE SPORE CALLED A CONIDIOSPORE (CONIDIUM) REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL SPORES CALLED ASCOSPORES FORMED WITHIN A SAC CALLED AN ASCUS PENICILLIUM sp. - MOLD – SEPTATE

ASPERGILLUS sp - MOLD - SEPTATE SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE - YEAST REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING OR BINARY FISSION

REPRODUCE SEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF SEXUAL ASCOSPORES FORMED WITHIN A SAC CALLED AN ASCUS (OVERHEAD)

PLANT DISEASES CAUSED BY MEMBERS OF THE ASCOMYCOTA POWDERY MILDEW OF ROSES APPLE SCAB PEACH LEAF CURL

ERGOT OF RYE – POTENT ALKALOIDS (ERGOTAMINE) SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS CONSTRICTION OF ARTERIES HALLUCINATIONS MYCOTOXINS AFLATOXINS BRAZILIAN PEANUT MEAL EXPORTED TO ENGLAND IN 1960 GRAINS STORED IN SILOS MONITORED

BASIDIOMYCOTA - MOSTLY MUSHROOMS DEUTEROMYCOTA YEASTS AND MOLDS/SEPTATE TERRESTRIAL NONE EXHIBIT A SEXUAL CYCLE YEASTS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY BUDDING ONLY MOLDS REPRODUCE ASEXUALLY BY THE PRODUCTION OF CONIDIA

MORPHOLOGICALLY IDENTICAL TO MEMBERS OF THE ASCOMYCOTA

THE LICHENS MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A FUNGUS AND A PHOTOTROPHIC ORGANISM USUALLY CYANOBACTERIA OR AN ALGA

HUMAN FUNGAL INFECTIONS MOST FUNGI ARE OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS INFECTION IS RARE UNLESS SPECIAL SITUATIONS EXIST WET WARM SPOT FOR EXTENDED TIME IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PERSON MASSIVE SPORE EXPOSURE TWO GROUPS OF FUNGAL INFECTIONS DERMATOMYCOSES SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

DERMATOMYCOSES

THE DERMATOMYCOSES ARE CAUSED BY A GROUP OF MOLDS CALLED DERMATOPHYTES. DIGGER THE DERMATOPHYTE (LAMISIL) THE DERMATOPHYTES ARE ALL FOUND IN THE DEUTEROMYCOTA.

PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST KERATIN SUPERFICIAL INFECTIONS OF HAIR, NAILS AND SKIN PRODUCE ENZYMES THAT DIGEST KERATIN KERATIN IS A COMPONENT OF THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF OUR SKIN MEDICAL NAMES USE TWO WORDS - TINEA FOLLOWED BY THE AFFECTED REGION TINEA PEDIS, TINEA CRURIS, TINEA CAPITUS

DERMATOPHYTES BELONG TO THREE GENERA OF FUNGI TRICHOPHYTON MICROSPORIUM EPIDERMOPHYTON TREATMENT GRISEOFULVIN OR NYSTATIN

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES FOUND THROUGHOUT THE PHYLA CAUSED BE YEASTS AND MOLDS CAN INFECT DEEPER TISSUES THAN DERMATOPHYTES; KILL INITIAL INFECTION THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OR BREAK IN THE SKIN MOST ARE DIMORPHIC 1. 37oC YEAST STAGE IN BODY 2. RT FILAMENTOUS STAGE ON LAB MEDIA AND IN THE ENVIRONMENT

MOST ARE GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED DISEASES – MOLDS(6) 1. PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA CAUSED BY PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII (JIROVECI) 2. SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER CAUSED BY COCCIDIOIDES IMITIS 3. HISTOPLASMOSIS CAUSED BY HISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUM

PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA

SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY FEVER (COCCI)

HISTOPLASMOSIS

DISEASES - YEASTS 4. BLASTOMYCOSIS CAUSED BY BLASTOMYCES DERMATITIDIS 5. MUCORMYCOSIS CAUSED BY MUCOR sp 6. ASPERGILLOSIS CAUSED BY ASPERGILLUS sp DISEASES - YEASTS 1. CANDIDIASIS CAUSED BY CANDIDA sp

TREATMENT - AMPHOTERICIN B, KETOCONAZOLE, OR FLUCONAZOLE 2. CRYPTOCOCCOSIS CAUSED BY CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS TREATMENT - AMPHOTERICIN B, KETOCONAZOLE, OR FLUCONAZOLE