1. By Sarah Z, Maddie, Sarah S, Flippy, Graham, and Gina
Fungi
By Sarah Z, Maddie, Sarah S, Flippy, Graham, and Gina

2. Fungi Overview Characteristics Evolution Structure Reproduction
Sac Fungi
Yeasts
Club Fungi
Smuts and Rusts
Imperfect Fungi

3. Characteristics Kingdom Fungi contains 80,000 species
Mostly multicellular eukaryotes that share a common mode of nutrition
Heterotrophic
Cells release digestive enzymes and then absorb resultant nutrient molecules
Some are parasitic
Several have mutualistic relationship

4. Structure
Body (thallus) of most fungi is multicellular mycelium (yeasts are unicellular)
Consists of a vast network of thread-like hyphae
Septate fungi have hyphae with cross walls
Nonseptate fungi are multinucleated
Hyphae grow from tip
Cell walls of chitin, like insect exoskeleton
Excess food stored as glycogen as in animals
Possibly evolved from red algae - both lack flagella

5. Structure
Hypha
Septum
Structure
Nuclei
Mycelium

6. Reproduction Both sexual (in most) and asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction involves three stages:
Haploid Hyphae
Dikaryotic Stage
Diploid Zygote

7. Reproduction
During sexual reproduction, hyphae from two different mating types fuse
Hyphae that contain paired haploid nuclei are said to be dikaryotic
Nuclear fusion produces diploid nucleus, which produces haploid windblown spores by meiosis
Spores germinate directly into haploid hyphae without embryological development
Asexual reproduction usually involves the production of windblown spores
Unicellular yeasts reproduce by budding

10. Chytridiomycota
The chytrids are the most primitive of the fungi and are mostly saprobic (degrading chitin and keratin )
There are approximately 1,000 chytrid species, in 127 genera, distributed among 5 orders
Both zoospores and gametes of the chytrids are mobile by their flagella, one whiplash per individual
The thalli are coenocytic and usually form no true mycelium (having rhizoids instead)
Some species are unicellular
Ex: Water Molds

11. Zygomycota Zygospore Fungi Phylum Zygomycota
Mainly saprotrophs decomposing animal and plant remains
Black bread mold - Rhizopus stolonifer

12. Basidiomycota Phylum Basidomycota – 22,000 species
Familiar toadstools, mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, stinkhorns – some deadly poisonous
Also plant diseases such as the smuts and rusts
Mycelium composed of septate hyphae

14. Ascomycota Sac Fungi: About 60,000 species of sac fungi
Most are saprotrophs that digest resistant materials containing cellulose, lignin, or collagen
Most are composed of septate hyphae
Neurospora, experimental organism for the one-gene-one-enzyme studies
Morels and truffles, famous gourmet delicacies revered throughout the world
Many plant diseases: Powdery mildews; leaf curl fungi; ergot of rye; chestnut blight and Dutch elm disease
Aspergillus and Candida cause serious human infections
Talaromyces (formerly Penicillium) is source of penicillin

15. Sac Fungi

16. Ascomycota
Yeasts:
Term “yeasts” is loosely applied to unicellular fungi, many of which are ascomycetes
Budding is common form of asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction results in the formation of asci and ascospores
When some yeasts ferment, they produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

17. YEAST

18. Lichens Three morphological types
Compact crustose lichens - seen on bare rocks or on tree bark
Fruticose lichens – shrub-like
Foliose lichens - leaf-like
Can live in areas of extreme conditions and contribute to soil formation
Sensitive indicators of air pollution

19. Lichen

20. Fungi Phylogeny

21. FUNGI! 80,000 Heterotrophism Thallus Haploid Hyphae Dikaryotic Stage
Diploid Zygote
Septate
Nonseptate
False
True
Budding
Animal and plant remains
22, 000
Basidiomycota
Septate hyphae
60,000
Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide
Linchens
Chytridiomycota
20. Linchens seen on bare rocks or on tree bark
Compact crustose
Fruticose
Foliose
Zygomycota
Basidiomycota and
Ascomycota