1. Fungi Chapter 26 Table of Contents Section 1 Overview of Fungi Section 2 Classification of Fungi Section 3 Fungi and Humans

2. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives List the characteristics of fungi. Describe how fungi obtain nutrients. Distinguish between hyphae and a mycelium. Compare the ways fungi reproduce. Describe one hypothesis about the origin of fungi.

3. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics Fungi are eukaryotic, nonphotosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular in form.

4. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, continued Obtaining Nutrients –Fungi are among the most important decomposers of organic matter. –Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting enzymes and absorbing simple organic molecules from their environment.

5. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Characteristics, continued Structure of Fungi –Fungi are made up of short filaments called hyphae. Mats of hyphae are called mycelium. Some species have partitions called septa in their hyphae, making individual cells. –Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls.

6. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Characteristics of Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi

7. Chapter 26 Hyphae in Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi

8. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Body Structure of Fungi Section 1 Overview of Fungi

9. Chapter 26 Reproduction Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually.

10. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Asexual Reproduction –Asexually, fungi produce thousands of genetically identical haploid spores, usually on modified cells of the hyphae. –When these spores are placed in favorable environmental conditions, they germinate and grow new hyphae, each of which can form a mycelium and produce thousands of new asexual spores.

11. Section 1 Overview of Fungi Chapter 26 Reproduction, continued Sexual Reproduction –Fungi occur in mating types that are sometimes called minus and plus. –When two different mating types of the same species encounter one another, the hyphae of one mating type fuse with the hyphae of the opposite mating type. –These fused hyphae give rise to a specialized structure, which produces and scatters genetically diverse spores.

12. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Sexual Reproduction Section 1 Overview of Fungi

13. Chapter 26 Evolution Fungi evolved about 460 million years ago. Fungi probably evolved from endosymbiotic prokaryotes and then adapted to various terrestrial environments.

14. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Objectives List characteristics that distinguish three phyla of fungi. Compare the life cycles of zygomycetes, basidiomycetes, and ascomycetes. Distinguish between mycorrhizae and lichens. Explain the importance of mycorrhizae and lichens to the environment.

15. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Types of Fungi Section 2 Classification of Fungi

16. Chapter 26 Phylum Zygomycota The phylum Zygomycota is coenocytic (their hyphae lack septa). Asexual sporangiospores form within sacs called sporangia. Sexual reproduction results in zygospores.

17. Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

18. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Asexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

19. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Sexual Reproduction in Zygomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

20. Chapter 26 Phylum Basidiomycota The phylum Basidiomycota includes mushrooms. Mushrooms are spore-bearing, aboveground sexual reproductive structures called basidiocarps. Basidiocarps produce small, clublike reproductive structures called basidia, on which basidiospores form.

21. Chapter 26 Structure of a Mushroom Section 2 Classification of Fungi

22. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Parts of a Mushroom Section 2 Classification of Fungi

23. Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Basidiomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

24. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Sexual Reproduction in Basidiomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

25. Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota Most fungi are in the phylum Ascomycota, or sac fungi. Hyphae form a cup-shaped ascocarp, in which ascospores form. Yeast are unicellular Ascomycota and they reproduce asexually by budding. –Yeast are used in brewing, baking, and genetic engineering.

26. Chapter 26 Life Cycle of Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

27. Chapter 26 Penicilliium Mold Section 2 Classification of Fungi

28. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Asexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

29. Chapter 26 Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept Sexual Reproduction in Ascomycetes Section 2 Classification of Fungi

30. Chapter 26 Phylum Ascomycota, continued Deuteromycota –Fungi that do not have a sexual stage are classified in a group called fungi imperfecti, or deuteromycota.

31. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens Mycorrhizae are symbiotic structures that form between plant roots and a fungus. The fungus provides certain ions and other nutrients to the plant and, in turn, the fungus gets sugars from the plant.

32. Section 2 Classification of Fungi Chapter 26 Mycorrhizae and Lichens, continued Lichens represent symbiotic relationships between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria or green algae.

33. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Objectives Describe three ways that fungi cause disease in humans. List three ways that fungi contribute to good health. Provide examples of fungi’s industrial importance. List three types of food that fungi provide.

34. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Fungi can cause disease in humans when humans inhale airborne spores, when they eat food contaminated by toxic fungi, when toxic fungi come in contact with skin, or when they accidentally eat poisonous mushrooms.

35. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases Common Fungal Infections –Examples of common fungal infections include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infection.

36. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Human Fungal Diseases, continued Other Fungal Illnesses Pathogenic fungi that cause serious disease include Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Coccidioides immitis. H. capsulatum is associated with bird feces.

37. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry Various fungi are used in the production of vitamin B 2, cortisone, penicillin and other antibiotics, and some genetically engineered drugs.

38. Section 3 Fungi and Humans Chapter 26 Fungi in Industry, continued Fungi and Food Industries –Fungi are used in the production of familiar foods such as cheeses, bread, beer, wines, and soy products.