1. Lab 2
Biology Department

2. Objectives Identify the classification of fungi
Identify some examples of fungi and their importance

3. Classification of fungi
According to nutrition :
Saprobes
Decomposers
Molds, mushrooms.
Parasites
Harm host
Rusts and smuts (attack plants)
mutualists
Both benefit
Lichens
Mycorrhizas

4. Classification of fungi
Kingdom fungi
Division zygomycota
Division Ascomycota
Division Basidomycota
Division Deuteromycota
According to sexual reproduction :
Sexual reproduction
identified
Sexual reproduction not identified
Conjugation Fungi
Sac Fungi
Club Fungi
Imperfecti Fungi
e.g : Rhizopus stolonifer
(Black Mold or Black Bread )
e.g: Yeast
Aspergillus
Penicillium
e.g :Mushroom
Rust fungi
Smut Fungi
e.g :Fusarium

5. Division Zygomycota
Most zygomycota are saprobes, while a few species are parasites.
Hyphae have no cross walls (Aseptate)
Zygomycota usually reproduce asexually
Asexual reproductive structure called sporangium atop sporangiospores make spores
Rhizoids anchor the mold & release digestive enzymes & absorb food

6. Zygomycota Sexual spores are produced by conjugation
Sexual spores are called ZYGOSPORES
E.g : Rhizopus stolonifer (Black Mold or Black Bread ) causes fruit rot on strawberry, tomato, and sweet potato

8. Division Ascomycota Accounts for 75% of all described fungi
Called Sac fungi
Includes Cup fungi, truffles, yeasts
The mycelium of ascomycetes is usually made up of septate hyphae.
Reproduce sexually & asexually
Ascus - sac that makes ascospores in sexual reproduction
Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps contain the asci

9. Ascomycota

10. Ascomycota
Asexual spores called conidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophores

11. Ascomycota But chlamydospores are also frequently produced.
Furthermore, Ascomycota also reproduce asexually through budding.

12. Importance of Ascomycota
This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics (Penicillium )
for making bread, alcoholic beverages (Saccharomyces cerevesiae) , and cheese .

13. Importance of Ascomycota
but also as pathogens of humans and plants (powdery mildews)

14. Importance of Ascomycota
Almost half of all members of the phylum Ascomycota form symbiotic associations with algae to form lichens.

15. Note :
A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria (or both) living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship
The fungus benefits from the algae or cyanobacteria because they produce food by photosynthesis. The algae or cyanobacteria benefit by being protected from the environment by the filaments of the fungus, which also gather moisture and nutrients from the environment, and (usually) provide an anchor to it

16. Division Basidiomycota
Called Club fungi
Includes:
Mushrooms
Puffballs
Rusts and smuts

17. Basidiomycota
Reproduce sexually via the formation of specialized club-shaped end cells called basidia that normally bear external spores (usually four). These specialized spores are called basidiospores.

18. Basidiomycota

19. Basidiomycota
One of the two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota are often referred to as the "higher fungi“
Represents 37% of all described fungi
Many basidiomycota produce a typical toadstool-shaped fruitbody, with basidia lining the gills ( Mushrooms )

20. Examples of of basidiomycota
Mushrooms : some are edible, while others are poisonous

21. Importance of basidomycota
damage crops (rusts & smuts)

22. Division Deuteromycota
Fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed ,only their asexual form of reproduction is known
hence the name "imperfect fungi."
Most of the species are saprobes but some are parasitic.
Many fungal diseases that infect humans belong to this group including species which cause athletes foot

23. Athlete's foot Also known as tinea pedis:
is a common skin infection of the feet caused by fungus
It often results in itching, scaling, and redness
In severe cases the skin may blister
Athlete's foot may affect any part of the foot, but occurs most often between the toes, the next most common area is the bottom of the foot
Fungal infection of the nails or of the hands may occur at the same time]
Tinea pedis is caused by a number of different ,E.g :Trichophyton

25. Activity
Show Rhizopus stolonifer on Bread , tomato & under steromicroscope
Show Penicillum & conidospre under micrscope
Show Mushroom
Show Lichen , Smuts & Rust sample