Atoms Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons Protons and neutrons are clustered as the nucleus Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels or shells.

On the periodic table, you can find out several important facts about any of the elements. The atomic mass tells us the total number of particles in the nucleus.

atom molecule compound

Compounds that contain carbon are called organic. Macromolecules are large organic molecules. Organic Compounds

Macromolecules come in 4 types. All macromolecules are organic which means they contain carbon and are produced by living things. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates made up of 3 elements: carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen. look like this in their simplest form. simple sugar or monosaccharide. mono = one saccharide = sugar used for energy called a disaccharide. Di = two

string a bunch of monosaccharides together you get a complex carbohydrate or polysaccharide: better known as starches and glycogen Most carbohydrates end in “-ose” e.g. fructose, lactose, dextrose, ribose, deoxyribose…

Lipids fats contain 3 elements; carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. made of glycerol and fatty acids used for energy storage, protection, and compose the membranes of cells not soluble in water

Types of Lipids 1. wax 3. Unsaturated fats 2. Saturated fats

There are two kinds of fatty acids 1. Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad) 2. Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good) Fatty Acids

Phospholipids hydrophilic hydrophobic Cell Membrane section

Proteins Proteins are composed of 4 elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Builds and maintains structure (muscles, connective tissues, hormones, …)

Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. There are 20 different amino acids. Alanine Asparagine Aspartic acid Arginine Cysteine Glutamine Glycine Glutamic acid Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Phenylalanine Methionine Serine Proline Tryptophan Threonine Tyrosine Valine

Nucleic Acids The blueprint for living organisms; carries the genetic code/traits to offspring Two types: a. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA -- double helix) b. ribonucleic acid (RNA -- single strand) Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

Nucleotides: - phosphate group - sugar (5 carbon) - nitrogenous bases adenine (A) thymine (T) – uracil (U) RNA cytosine (C) guanine (G)

Most chemical reactions occur in the presence of water.