Chapter 7: Sentence structure Structure refers to the kinds and number of clauses a sentence contains. Four kinds of sentences: Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex

Simple sentences Contain only one independent clause (no subordinate clauses at all) Ex: The hairstylist ruined my new look! I volunteered to run the talent show.

Note: A simple sentence may contain compound subjects, compound verbs, and unlimited phrases. Peyton Manning and the Broncos were sad about the Super Bowl. Peterson caught the ball but then dropped it. The coach and his assistant drew up a play then sent it in. Both of the coaches on the sideline stood still, waiting for the ball to pass through the uprights.

O.P.: p. 140 Rally coach each sentence aloud. Then identify each subject and each verb. Write answers on your boards. Ex: Throughout history, people have invented and used a variety of weapons. A: S: people; V: have invented, used

#1: As protection from such weapons, warriors in battle needed special equipment. A: S: warriors; V: needed

Compound sentences Contain two or more independent clauses and no subordinate clauses The independent clauses are usually joined by coordinating conjunctions: and - or but - so for - yet nor

Ex: According to legend, Achilles preferred Del Taco over Taco Bell, but little evidence supports this claim. Warning: Don’t confuse compound sentences with simple sentences with compound verbs/subjects/both! Simple: Mark Twain and Samuel Clemens stared at each other in the mirror and waved. Compound: Poe wrote “The Raven,” and Shelley wrote “Ozymandius.”

Other ways to connect independent clauses in compound sentences Semicolons for closely related clauses: I thought I was correct; I was sadly mistaken. Semicolons with conjunctive adverbs and commas for closely related clauses: She punched my neighbor’s poodle; consequently, she was arrested for aggravated assault.

Pg. 144: Exercise 2 Identify subjects and verbs Classify sentences as either simple or compound sentences (SIM/COM) Ex. African American actors and actresses performed in many early Hollywood movies. A: S: actors, actresses; V: performed; SIM EX 2: Hattie McDaniel, for example, made many films, and she is best known for her role in Gone with the Wind. A: S: Hattie McDaniel; V: made; S: she; V: is known; COM

Complex sentences Contain one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses Ex: When I watch Jeopardy, I feel like a Neanderthal. Independent clause: I feel like a Neanderthal. Subordinate clause: When I watch Jeopardy

Ex: In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, when Quirrel takes off his turban, he reveals that he is Voldemort’s servant. Independent clause: In Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, he reveals Subordinate clause: when Quirrel takes off his turban (adverb clause) Subordinate clause: that he is Voldemort’s servant. (noun clause)

Subordinate clauses can interrupt independent clauses: All of the students that we were told would perform in the play are part of the Shakespeare elective. Independent clause: All of the students are part of the Shakespeare elective. Subordinate clause: that we were told would perform in the play

Exercise 3: p. 146 B: Remove one piece of paper from your journal. All answers will be written on this paper; write both names on the paper. Instructions: Identify each clause Classify each as independent or subordinate Identify each subject and verb pair by underlining

Instructions: Identify each clause Classify each as independent or subordinate Identify each subject and verb pair by underlining Example 1: China, which has a population of more than one billion people, is a largely agricultural country. IND: China is a largely agricultural country SUB: which has a population of more than one billion people

Instructions: Identify each clause Classify each as independent or subordinate Identify each subject and verb pair by underlining Example 2: Although it was nearly worthless, my brother bought one of those old coins for his collection. IND: my brother bought one of those old coins for his collection SUB: Although it was nearly worthless

Instructions: Identify each clause Classify each as independent or subordinate Identify each subject and verb pair by underlining Problem 1: The detective show appeared on television for several weeks before it became popular with viewers. IND: The detective show appeared on television for several weeks SUB: before it became popular with viewers

Compound complex sentences These sentences contain two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate clause Ex: Luke began practicing only yesterday, but already he has been asked to demonstrate his lightsaber skills in the area of the ship that is set up for training.

IND: he forgot to turn off the lights SUB: When Bob left Ex: When Bob left, he locked the door, but he forgot to turn off the lights. IND: he locked the door IND: he forgot to turn off the lights SUB: When Bob left Subordinating conjunction introducing the adverb clause

IND: I have many hobbies IND: the one is restoring arcade games Ex: I have many hobbies that I enjoy, but the one on which I spend the most time is restoring arcade games. IND: I have many hobbies IND: the one is restoring arcade games SUB: that I enjoy SUB: on which I spend the most time From this… …to this!

Page 148: Exercise 4 A: Remove one piece of paper from your journal. All answers will be written on this paper; write both names on the paper. Identify the clauses Classify them as INDependent or SUBordinate

Identify the clauses Classify them as INDependent or SUBordinate EX: When they returned from their vacation, they collected their mail at the post office, and they went to the supermarket. SUB: When they returned from their vacation IND: they collected their mail at the post office IND: they went to the supermarket

Identify the clauses Classify them as INDependent or SUBordinate #1: Before we conducted the experiment, we asked for permission to use the science lab, but the principal insisted on teacher supervision of our work. SUB: Before we conducted the experiment IND: we asked for permission to use the science lab IND: the principal insisted on teacher supervision of our work