 Huguenots- (French Protestants)- watched by French monarchs as early as 1520 when protestant ideas arrived in France  Huguenot persecution became policy under Henry II and Continued until Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) took throne in 1789  Catherine de Medicis- regent for Charles IX- sought allies among protestants  January Edict- granted Protestants Freedom to worship outside towns and hold synods

 March Duke of Guise Family led a massacre on the Huguenots  Huguenots and Protestant allies fought against Guise Faction. Catherine of Medicis aligns with Guise family. Coligny leader of Protestant faction  St. Barholomew’s Day Massacre- plot against Coligny and Huguenots. 3,000 Huguenots killed on this day. Next 3 days, 20,000 Huguenots executed.

 Led by Henry III May 1576  Grants complete religious and civil freedom to Huguenots  Henry III murdered and Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) rises to Throne and converts to Catholicism  Proclaims a religious settlement called Edict of Nantes of April 13, 1598:  Recognizes Huguenots Rights including freedom of worship, right to assembly and series of other liberties

 Philip: Spain Annexed Portugal and gain access to Empires in Africa, India, and Americas  Ruler of Habsburg Lands of Bohemia, Austria, and Hungry

 Philip II attempts but fails to Conquer Netherlands  Initial uprising is put down by the Duke of Alba and the Catholic League  Resistance to Philip Led by William of Orange after 1577  Pacification of Ghent Catholic and Protestants forces come together against Spain.  Elizabeth Commits forces to Netherlands  Twelve Years Truce gave northern providence independence  Peace of Westphalia of formally recognizes Twelve Years Truce

 Mary I (Mary Tutor, Bloody Mary) attempts to restore Catholicism  Elizabeth I (Mary’s Half Sister) undoes Catholic Restoration; Passes Act of Supremacy that asserts Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of Religious and Secular Affairs  England Allies with France in English Pirates, Francis Drake and John Hawkins, preying on Spanish Ships  Mary Stuart (Queen of Scotts)- Catholic, French royal and legitimate heir to throne was executed by Elizabeth because of perceived threat  Execution of Mary Angers Spanish  Philip II orders Spanish Armada (Fleet of Ships) to prepare for War in 1588  Spanish Armada is destroyed by English  Encourages European Protestants

 Bohemian Period- Calvinists Demands more freedom for Catholic Habsburgs ruler Ferdinand. Protestant Nobility Responded by throwing two of Ferdinand’s Regents out window called defenestration of Prague  Danish Period- King Christian of Denmark attempts to bring Protestantism to Germany and was forced to retreat by Maximilian. In 1629 Ferdinand outlaws Calvinism by issuing Edict of Restitution  Swedish Period- Military tactics of King Gustavus Adlophus of Sweden help protestants win battle of Breitenfield. The Swedish refuse to join Peace of Prague Agreement:  Comprise between German Protestant States and Ferdinand  Allows for Kings to Choose official religion

 Swedish French Period- involved French, Swedish, and Spanish Soldiers wreaking havoc in Germany. Most destructive point of the War. Religious issues become secondary to Political ones  Treaty of Westphalia of 1648:  Stops Ferdinand’s Edict of Restitution  Recognizes Calvinists.  Creates The independence of Swiss Confederacy and provinces of Holland  German princes acknowledged as the supreme rulers over principalities.  Treaty broaden legal status of Protestantism in the realm, but perpetuated Germany’s internal division of political weakness.