The Relationship between Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards Laurence G Williams FREng Professor of Nuclear Safety & Regulation University of Central Lancashire May I add my welcome to that of the Vice Chancellor and to thank you for sparing the time to attend our conference today. As many of you will know, I have devoted a large proportion of my professional life to ensuring that the nuclear industry is safe and secure. Over the years I have increasingly recognized that the protection of society and our environment from the use of nuclear energy demands a higher level of commitment by those who use the technology that of almost any other industrial activity. Because nuclear is different, the public and politicians expect the nuclear industry to be the very best and to provide for their protection throughout the entire nuclear lifecycle from cradle to grave i.e. from initial design through construction, commissioning, operation, and decommissioning of nuclear facilities; the safe management of radioactive waste including eventual disposal. To provide the public with the “total protection” they expect the industry needs to be able to demonstrate that nuclear power is safe, their facilities and nuclear materials are secure and that their technologies and nuclear materials cannot be diverted to support illicit nuclear weapons programmes This requires effective coordination of all these activities and in the past this has not always been as effective as it could have been. I hope today will enable us to share knowledge and experiences so that government, regulators, the security services and the nuclear industry can better deliver the opportunities from and meet the challenges of a more coordinated approach. I have chosen this picture of a nuclear installation under construction because the advent of a new (and potentially large) nuclear power programme in the UK offers us the opportunity to consider adopting a new approach that will eliminate the silo mentality of the past Ensuring Safety, Security and Safeguards in Nuclear Power: Opportunities and Challenges of an Integrated Approach – Preston 12 June 2013

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards What is nuclear safety? Nuclear safety is about protecting people and the environment from plant malfunction and human error Nuclear Safety Potential Hazards From Normal Operations & Accidents Workers Public Environment

What is nuclear security? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards What is nuclear security? Nuclear security is about protecting people and the environment from malicious acts Nuclear Security Potential Hazards From Malicious Acts Workers Public Environment

What is nuclear safeguards? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards What is nuclear safeguards? Nuclear safeguards is about protecting people and the environment from the theft or diversion of nuclear materials and technologies that could be used to proliferate nuclear weapons Nuclear Security Potential Hazards from loss of Safeguards Workers Public Environment

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? Workers, the public and the environment require protection from plant malfunction, human error, malicious acts and proliferation of nuclear materials and technologies Potential Hazards From Malicious Acts Security Potential Hazards From Normal Operations & Accidents Safety Workers Public Environment Safeguards Potential Hazards from loss of Safeguards

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Malfunction, human errors Malevolent acts by non-State actors Prevent Misuse by State

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? Nuclear security is necessary but not sufficient for the protection of people and the environment Similarly nuclear safety is necessary for the protection of people and the environmental but again it is not sufficient The effective application of non-proliferation safeguards is again necessary but not sufficient

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards Potential Hazards From Normal Operation & Accidents Potential Hazards From Malicious Acts Potential Hazards from Diversion of Nuclear Materials & Technologies Many nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards issues are not mutually exclusive

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards Potential Hazards From Normal Operation & Accidents Potential Hazards From Malicious Acts Potential Hazards from Diversion of Nuclear Materials & Technologies In these areas it is necessary to have an integrated approach to ensure that the solutions for one do not adversely affect the other

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? All 3 are needed to provide the Continuum of Protection society needs

Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Why have a coordinated approach to the 3 “S”s? Many examples of either nuclear safety or nuclear security have been compromised by through a lack of coordination Fences Plant configuration controls Armed protection forces Safety access points Etc.

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards There are important synergies in the measures used to deliver nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards For effective protection all three areas need to treated in a coordinated way Nuclear safety, nuclear security and where appropriate safeguards professionals need to work together

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Total Protection: The Case for an Integrated Approach to Nuclear Safety Nuclear Security and Safeguards There needs to be much closer integration of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards approaches in: design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of nuclear installations the transport of nuclear and radioactive materials the use of radioactive sources

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Responsibility Licensee responsible for safety & security Responsibility for nuclear safety is more easily discharged Responsibility for security is more problematic Not in complete control Cannot define the Threat Cannot carry out all the actions to reduce the Threat Government is in control of defining the Threat

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Safety & Security Communities Nuclear safety and security practitioners have had little in common Developed from different communities Nuclear safety community comprised engineers and scientists who undertake detailed design and analysis to demonstrate the behaviour of nuclear plants and processes and to determine risk Nuclear security community has been shrouded in secrecy and operated within a “need to know” culture

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Risk Evaluation Nuclear safety is about understanding plant failure characteristics and human error providing effective engineered or administrative barriers to counter such failures and mitigation of the consequences using numerical approach to evaluate risk and hence acceptability

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Risk Evaluation Nuclear security is about protecting against unknown, possibly unquantifiable, malicious acts evaluate risk from specifically defined event

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Risk Management In the nuclear safety world risk is evaluated through a detailed understanding of plant and process failure mechanisms detailed technical analyses enables defence in depth to be designed in and effectively managed

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Risk Management In the nuclear security world the nature and probability of the threat is not as easily amenable to calculation risk is more difficult to quantify risk is managed in conjunction with others, possibly including an armed protection force

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Culture Nuclear safety culture is well established Nuclear security culture is in its infancy World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) Guide Culture is about beliefs and values

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Culture - beliefs In the case of nuclear safety culture Staff believe that accidents can happen For nuclear security it is important for staff to believe that: Nuclear security is important in combating terrorist threats Credible threats nuclear materials exist at all times

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Challenges Culture - Values In the case of nuclear safety culture Staff recognise the nuclear safety is their responsibility For nuclear security it is important for staff to recognise that: Maintaining effective security is the responsibility of everyone in the organisation they should challenge, question and report security concerns

Effective Organizations The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Effective Organizations To be effective, nuclear safety and security staff will need to work together to meet the above challenges Nuclear Security must be given the same recognition at Board level as nuclear safety and environmental protection Organization should have an integrated nuclear safety and security culture An effective organization will have an integrated approach to the management of nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards

UCLan Contribution to Skills The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards UCLan Contribution to Skills MSc Nuclear Safety, Security & Safeguards Module 1: Introduction to the Nuclear Fuel Cycle Module 2: Nuclear Safety Law and Regulation Module 3: The Delivery of Nuclear Safety Module 4: Nuclear Security & Safeguards Law and Regulation Module 5: The Delivery of Nuclear Security & Safeguards Module 6: Leadership and Management Module 7: Research Methodology

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Conclusions Protection of workers, the public and the environment depends upon the effective delivery of nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Conclusions Nuclear safety, nuclear security and non-proliferation safeguards communities have developed separately for understandable reasons but to deliver a sustainable nuclear programme in the future they need to work together

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Conclusions The risks to society that arise from the use of nuclear energy can be reduced through the effective integration of our approach to nuclear safety, nuclear security and safeguards within Government Regulators Licensees Nuclear supply chain

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Non-Proliferation Agreements and Additional Protocols CULTURE Safeguards Security Safety: Int’l Safety Standards And Conventions SYNERGY Safety Security: Physical Protection, Detection and Response, Information; Conventions and Recommendations Promotes the Peaceful, Safe and Secure use of Nuclear Technology

The Relationship between Nuclear safety, Security and Safeguards Thank You