1. Anita Nilsson Director, Office of Nuclear Security
IAEA Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
Nuclear Security
Anita Nilsson
Director, Office of Nuclear Security

2. Main Threats of Nuclear Terrorism
A nuclear explosive device
Theft of device
Theft of material to make a device
Radiological Dispersal Device
Theft of radioactive material
Sabotage for dispersal
A nuclear facility/location
Transport
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

3. The Dual Use Aspect Dilemma:
Peaceful uses of nuclear technologies are essential for development, and of vital importance in our daily lives
Nuclear materials for nuclear weapons require, produced with similar or the same physics and chemical processes
I.E.: The same processes for peaceful and military applications
Thus, the use of nuclear technologies must be based on a universal acceptance and implementation of States obligations for peaceful, safe and secure uses.
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

4. Growing energy demand – nuclear expectations
Many Countries have declared their interest for nuclear energy. This will result in a significant growth in nuclear energy
Will result in: increased production of source material, more nuclear power plants, fuel cycle facilities and waste disposal facilities. The volume of transports will increase.
Measures for nuclear security must be systematically implemented, alongside with nuclear safety
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

5. Global Security Evolution Cold War - Post Cold War - Post 9/11
Main Players
Nation-states
Bi-polar
Superpowers
Non-States
Small states
Global network
Threats
High density, high intensity
Lower Probability
Physical overkill
Low density, low intensity
Higher probability
Socio - psychological terror
Geopolitical
Predictable
Calculable
Malicious
Unpredictable
Incalculable
Motives
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

6. Illicit nuclear trafficking
Established in 1995
Network of points of contact connecting 94 states and several international organizations
Information collected from official sources supplemented by open sources
Provision of “raw” data, statistics and analytical products
Expanding work to improve scope and
quality of data collection
Building a network to improve knowledge sharing among national and international relevant authorities
ITDB programme Membership
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

7. Aggregate confirmed information, 1993-2006
1079 confirmed incidents, as of 31 December 2006
252 incidents confirmed during 2006; 149 occurred in 2006, 103 before 2006.
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

8. Legal instruments to combat nuclear terrorism
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (Amended in 2005)
>110 States (and Euratom) Parties.
Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism
>100 States signatories
Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols
Several States have yet to sign and ratify the Additional Protocol.
UN Security Council Resolutions 1540 and 1374
Obligations are binding for all States.
Nuclear Safety Conventions
Non-binding Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources
In Session 1, MR. ANTONIO NUNEZ GARCIA-SAUCO (SPAIN) will speak on “Conventions treaties and recommendations contributing to the nuclear security infrastructure”.
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

9. Global Nuclear Security Regime
Nuclear Safeguard – Non-proliferation
Nuclear Security – Counter Terrorism
Nuclear Safety – Technical Accident Prevention
Holistic Approach
Safeguard
Safeguard
Safety
Security
Safety
Security
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

10. Basic approaches for international efforts to strengthen nuclear (and radiological) security
Responsibility for nuclear and radiological security rests with each individual State.
“Nuclear, and radiological, terrorism is one of the greatest threats to society.”
The building of infrastructure to combat nuclear terrorism is in the beginning; efforts must be accelerated to catch up with the need to strengthen prevention against such acts.
The IAEA has an important role in the global efforts to improve the global nuclear security framework and for promoting its implementation.
“New” recognition of the need of broad approaches and of synergies between security, safety and safeguards.
Establish international cooperation while maintaining confidentiality of sensitive information.
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

11. Comprehensive Nuclear Security Approach
Needs assessment, analysis and information
Information data-banks, Illicit Trafficking Database, analysis of information, programme feed-back
Integrated Nuclear Security Support Plans, Interaction with general public.
Security Infrastructure
Maintaining confidentiality of information
Prevention
Accountancy, SSAC, registry of sources
(first line of defence)
Physical protection
Detection and Monitoring, interdiction and seizure
Threat assessment and response
Detection & Response
Law Enforcement, intelligence
(second line of defence)
Mitigation and Recovery
Radiological Event
Radiological emergency response
Nuclear Security Support
(Knowledge Base, Legal Framework)
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

12. IAEA Nuclear Security Programme Fields of Activities
Facilitating the establishment of international legal instruments
Developing the nuclear security framework;
Guidance and recommendations The Nuclear Security Series documents
Evaluation & advisory services to States
Capacity building in States
Human resource development; training at all levels, graduate education.
Technical assistance and advice
Detection and security equipment and upgrades
Risk reduction in States:
Facilitating the recovery and securing of materials; e.g. research reactor fuel, orphan sources, vulnerable sources
Facilitating reactor conversions or decommissioning
Research and Development
Information services
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

13. Concluding remarks
The strengthened platform of international legal instruments is a very significant step forward and a major challenge for States and the IAEA.
The ratification and implementation of the international instruments must be accelerated. (All) States must drive this process with dedication.
Increased coordination and cooperation is required, including for education, training, detection equipment, scientific support and information analysis and feedback.
IAEA to maintain a leading role in the global efforts to improve global nuclear (and radiological) security and provide assistance to countries with limited resources.
International cooperation and coordination is essential and must be strengthened.
Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security

14. Seminar on Nuclear Science and Technology
February 2007
Anita Nilsson
Office of Nuclear Security